<p>Trahern&#39;s Station was a stage stand on the old Butterfield Overland Mail route in Indian Territory. It was located about 9 miles west of what is now the town of Shadypoint in Le Flore County, Oklahoma. The station was named for Judge James N. Trahern, the stage agent. Trahern was a Choctaw Indian and a long-time county judge for Skullyville County, Choctaw Nation.</p><br>
<p>Trahern&#39;s Station was added to the National Register of Historic Places (#72001073) on April 25, 1972.</p><br>
<p>Walker&#39;s Station was a stage stand on the old Butterfield Overland Mail route in Indian Territory. It was located at the old Choctaw Agency in Skullyville, in what is now Le Flore County, Oklahoma. The station was named for Tandy Walker, Choctaw chief, and later, Governor of the Choctaw Nation. The old Choctaw Agency building was his residence.</p><br>
<p>Walker&#39;s Station was added to the National Register of Historic Places (#72001074) in 1972.</p><br>
<p>San Miguel de Asile was a Spanish Franciscan mission built in the early 17th century in the Florida Panhandle, near the present-day town of Lamont, Florida. It was part of Spain&#39;s effort to colonize the region, and convert the Timucua and Apalachee people to Christianity. The mission served a local chiefdom of the Timucua people known as the Yustaga. It lasted until the first decade of the 18th century, when it was destroyed, possibly by Creek Indians and the English.</p><br>
<p>The site where the mission stood was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on December 17, 1974.</p><br>
<p>The archaeological site was first discovered and investigated by B. Calvin Jones between 1968 and 1972. Jones concluded that the site was that of San Miguel de Asile. More recent archaeological work and research by Alissa Slade casts doubt on Joness theory. Slades research indicates the site was not San Miguel de Asile, a Timucuan mission, but rather an Apalachee mission, possibly San Lorenzo de Ivitachuco.</p><br>
<p>San Joseph de Ocuya  was a Spanish Franciscan mission built in the early 17th century in the Florida Panhandle, near the present-day town of Lloyd, Florida. It was part of Spain&#39;s effort to colonize the region, and convert the Timucuan and Apalachee Indians to Christianity. The mission lasted until the first decade of the 18th century, when it was destroyed, possibly by Creek Indians and the English.</p><br>
<p>The site where the mission stood was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on May 7, 1973.</p><br>
<p>San Juan de Aspalaga was a mission in the Apalachee Province of Spanish Florida established by Franciscans. It first appears in Spanish records in 1655, when it was located at a distance of 86 leagues from St. Augustine , which would place it in the western part of Apalachee Province. By 1675, Aspalaga had moved eastward to the archaeological site known as the Pine Tuft Site, near the present-day town of Wacissa, Florida, about 78 leagues from St. Augustine. By 1695, or at least by 1697, Aspagala had moved back to the western part of Apalachee Province. Aspagala had a population of about 800 in 1675, which had fallen to 250 by 1689. Aspalaga was overrun on June 24, 1704, by Muscogees allied with the Province of Carolina, part of the Apalachee massacre.</p><br>
<p>The site where the mission stood was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on May 7, 1973.</p><br>
<p>Patapsco Female Institute  is a former girls&#39; boarding school, now a partially rebuilt historical site, located on Church Road in Ellicott City, Maryland, United States. The grounds are home to popular outdoor theatrical performances by The Chesapeake Shakespeare Company. In the 1930s the Institute was also known as "Warwick".</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Phelps era</h3><br>
<p>The Patapsco Female Institute was chartered in January 1834. It was designed by architect Robert Cary Long Jr. and built by Charles Timanus, who also built the Court House. It opened on January 1, 1837 as a girls&#39; finishing school but was more designed under Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps to enable young ladies to be trained well enough to support themselves through teaching; the school remained in operation until 1891. Students at the school ranged from age 12 to 18, and at its peak enrollment there were 150 students attending the institute.</p><br>
<p>Ellicott Mills (now Ellicott City) had both a boys school, Rock Hill, and a girls school, the Patapsco Female Institute (PFI). By 1840, neither was doing well. The Protestant Episcopal Bishop of Maryland, William R. Whittingham, had a personal interest in education and became involved in both schools. The Rev. Alfred Holmead transferred from Baltimore County to run Rock Hill and Bishop Whittingham, personally interviewed Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps to become the principal of the PFI. The Phelpses leased the school for seven years. John Phelps was listed as head of the family; in practice he was the business manager, taking care of the accounts, the grounds and buildings.</p><br>
<p>Under Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps, each student was charged a basic fee for room, board, washing, and basic instruction in English. Extra fees were charged for other subjects such as foreign languages, music and dance. The school eventually had several sources of income, including proceeds from state approved lotteries and $800 per annum for the admittance of lower income students who were to be trained as teachers. Maryland law stipulated that once the PFI had earned $15,000 from the lottery, the $800 annual state payment would cease. That happened in 1860.</p><br>
<p>Each academic year was composed of two 22 week sessions beginning in May and November. Diplomas were conferred in April and October. Typically, 5 or 6 girls earned diplomas during each period. Certificates were also issued for completion of a particular subject, such as English.</p><br>
<p>Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps was very active in helping to find employment opportunities for students who were interested. Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps managed to find positions for some girls to live at a large house and teach a handful of girls. Sometimes, after being away gaining teaching experience and earning some money, a girl would return to the PFI to finish her education. Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps also had some teaching positions with a high turn over, where ex-students could have some teaching experience before moving on to seek employment elsewhere.</p><br>
<p>Under Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps, when the school was not in session, and students had to remain, there was no organized activity for them. Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps always left town to visit relatives, her publishers or other personal business. John Phelps remained to keep the school open. He also arranged for the buildings to be cleaned and repaired.</p><br>
<p>A condition of Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps employment as principal of PFI was that she had to have an Episcopal priest on staff as chaplain. The Rev. Holmead was the first chaplain. In 1845, Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps replaced the Rev. Holmead and during her tenure there were a series of chaplains that she selected. After Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps left in 1856 the chaplains at PFI were usually the rectors of the local Episcopal Church, St Peter’s.</p><br>
<p>The Phelpses signed a second seven year lease in 1848. John Phelps died in 1849. In 1855 Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps decided not to renew her lease for a third time. She stayed on for an extra year so that the school could be expanded and would be large enough to accommodate the students from the school run in Baltimore by her replacement, Robert Harris Archer.</p><br>
<h3>Archer era</h3><br>
<p>Robert Harris Archer (1812 - 1875) was a native of Harford County, Maryland. He was a graduate of West Point and resigned from the army in late 1837. In the 1840s he started a girls school in Baltimore. He ran girls schools the rest of his life. This Robert H. Archer is sometimes confused with his first cousin, Robert H. Archer (1820 - 1878). The other Robert H. Archer was the brother of Confederate general James Jay Archer and served in the Confederate Army, mostly on his brother’s staff.</p><br>
<p>The PFI under Robert H. Archer was different from the school run by Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps. The school was larger, the fees were higher, the girls had more freedom of movement, and more students stayed at the school when classes were not in session. Mr. Archer had programs year round for the girls. He was observed, for example, in July, 1857, with some of the girls at one of the spas in what was then western Virginia. The demographics of the student body were different. When Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps came to PFI she brought students with her from the Rahway school. Some had also attended the West Chester school. Many girls came from states north of Maryland. Besides the students she brought with her, the PFI’s existing student body was primarily from Maryland and Virginia. Mr. Archer through his family had southern connections. There was a much greater deep south representation in Mr. Archer’s student body in his school in Baltimore, which would continue at the PFI. With greater freedom of movement, staying at school year round, present for more years, 21, from 1856 -1877, Mr. Archer’s student body made a larger impression on the local community than Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps’s students.</p><br>
<p>The Civil War was hard on the PFI and Mr. Archer’s finances. In an 1866 letter to a former student he wrote that the war almost ruined him and that he had $30,000 in outstanding pre-war debt due from the parents of students from the former Confederacy. The riots in Baltimore in the spring of 1861, due to the passage of Union regiments through Baltimore on their way to Washington, caused the school to be closed for a time. In the fall of 1862, the 12th New Jersey Regiment camped near the school, and the PFI closed again. According to the chaplain of the PFI, at the time, Charles S. Spencer, the school re-opened in the spring of 1863.</p><br>
<p>Archer’s first wife, and first cousin, Elizabeth Archer died in 1852. He married his second wife Mary Ringgold Archer (d. 1892) in 1858. By 1871 Archer was too ill to run the school. On July 10, 1871, the PFI board voted to transfer the balance of the third seven year lease to Archer’s wife, Mary Ringgold Archer. Mrs. Archer ran the school, along with Roberta Archer, Robert Archer’s daughter from his first marriage until the third lease expired in 1877. Mary and Roberta Archer transferred their school to Washington, D. C. The school was named the Archer Institute.</p><br>
<h3>End of the school</h3><br>
<p>The PFI remained closed for a year as the board spent $10,000 on improvements in the physical plant. The PFI reopened in the fall of 1879. The school was run by Sarah N. Randolph (1839 - 1892). After her seven year lease expired in 1885, Sarah Randolph moved to Baltimore and ran a school there.</p><br>
<p>A September, 1885, advertisement for the PFI, shows that the school was open with Annie Matchett as Principal and Roberta Archer as Vice Principal. The two women were let out of their lease. Amanda Taylor became Principal as early as the 1886 - 1887 academic year. She could not make ends meet and the school closed. In 1891, the joint stock company was dissolved and the property was sold to James E. Tyson.</p><br>
<h3>Later history</h3><br>
<p>The property was converted to a summer hotel called the Burg Alnwick Hotel. Fourteen years later, in 1905, it was purchased by a Miss Lilly Tyson and turned into a private home. In 1917, during the First World War, the building was called into service as a hospital. It was fitted with 50 beds to accommodate wounded veterans returning to the States. In later years, the building was used as a theater and again as a private residence. In 1938, the Howard County School board considered the site for a new school. The guests of the Burg Alnick Hotel used the grounds for shooting clay pigeons. In 1958, the property was sold to the final resident, Dr. Whisman for use as a nursing home. Howard county made a demand of the owner to remove all wood from the structure to prevent fires, including the roof, floors and paneling leaving the institute in a permanent state of ruins. The property was willed to Dr. Whisman&#39;s Alma-mater, the University of Cincinnati.</p><br>
<p>In 1966, the County considered buying the eight acre property again as parkland from the University of Cincinnati using a news transfer tax for school and park projects. It was purchased for $17,500 by the County soon after. Since 1966 the building has been under the care of the Friends of the Patapsco Institute; it has been stabilized and partially restored, and the grounds fenced in to limit public access. The county finance director declared the building unrestorable, but budgeted $1.7 million to convert the area around it to a park.</p><br>
<p>The Patapsco Female Institute is rumored to be haunted by the ghost of a young woman named Annie Van Derlot who died of pneumonia while attending school there. While this claim is popular among ghost hunters, there is no record of an Annie Van Derlot ever attending the Institute.</p><br>
<h2>Notable alumni</h2><br>
<p>Lura Harris Craighead (1858-1926), author, parliamentarian, civic worker, and clubwoman</p><br>
<p>The Sycamore Shoals of the Watauga River, usually shortened to Sycamore Shoals, is a rocky stretch of river rapids along the Watauga River in Elizabethton, Tennessee. Archeological excavations have found Native Americans lived near the shoals since prehistoric times, and Cherokees gathered there. As Europeans began settling the Trans-Appalachian frontier, the shoals proved strategic militarily, as well as shaped the economies of Tennessee and Kentucky. Today, the shoals are protected as a National Historic Landmark and are maintained as part of Sycamore Shoals State Historic Park.</p><br>
<p>Explorer James Robertson (later a founder of Nashville) identified the alluring flatlands at Sycamore Shoals, known as the Watauga Old Fields, in 1770, and led a group of colonists to the area shortly thereafter. In 1772, the Watauga settlers established the Watauga Association, one of the first constitutional governments west of the Appalachian Mountains and the "germ-cell" of what would later become the state of Tennessee.</p><br>
<p>In 1775, Richard Henderson and Daniel Boone negotiated the Treaty of Sycamore Shoals, in which Henderson&#39;s Transylvania Company purchased a large part of modern Kentucky and part of Tennessee from the Cherokee. The following year, the Watauga settlers successfully repelled one arm of a Cherokee group contesting land near Fort Watauga in a struggle that saw the creation of numerous stories surrounding figures such as Nancy Ward and John Sevier. In 1780, at the height of the American Revolutionary War, the frontier militia known as the Overmountain Men mustered at Sycamore Shoals as it prepared to march across the mountains en route to victory over British loyalists at the Battle of Kings Mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Sycamore Shoals is located at just over 23 mi upstream from the mouth of the Watauga River, and approximately 3 mi downstream from the river&#39;s confluence with the Doe River and 11 mi downstream from Wilbur Dam. While managed by the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, the shoals are located within the municipal boundaries of Elizabethton. Beyond the shoals, the Watauga flows for another 8 mi before entering its Boone Lake impoundment.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Prehistory and early history</h3><br>
<p>Excavations in the flats around Sycamore Shoals have uncovered evidence of significant habitation dating back to the Woodland period (ca. 1000 B.C. – 1000 A.D.) and continuing sporadically through much of the Mississippian period (ca. 900–1600 A.D.). In 1567, a contingent of the Juan Pardo expedition passed through the Nolichucky River valley to the south and attacked a fortified Chisca village (the village was probably located between modern Jonesborough and Erwin). By the late 17th century, the Mississippian-period inhabitants had largely vanished, and had been replaced by the Cherokee, who used Sycamore Shoals as a gathering place and hunting camp.</p><br>
<p>By the 1760s, long hunters such as Julius Dugger and Andrew Greer were operating stations in the Watauga Valley in the vicinity of Sycamore Shoals. In 1769, William Bean, known traditionally as Tennessees first permanent white settler, built a cabin at the confluence of Boones Creek and the Watauga, about 15 mi downstream from the Shoals. Around the same time, John Honeycut was operating out of a hut at the mouth of Roan Creek (about 20 miles upstream from the Shoals, now part of Watauga Lake). Early hunters and explorers called the flats around Sycamore Shoals the Watauga "Old Fields," as they were full of cane rather than trees, resembling once-cultivated fields that had for years lain fallow.</p><br>
<h3>Settlement</h3><br>
<p>In the Spring of 1770, James Robertson, possibly fleeing the turmoil created by the Regulator Movement in his home state of North Carolina, made an excursion into the Watauga Valley. He met John Honeycut, who pointed him to the Old Fields. Robertson later described the Old Fields as a "Promised Land" where fertile fields had already been cleared of the dense forest that dominated most lands in the region. Robertson planted crops and built a small cabin and corn crib on the north bank of the confluence to both the Watauga River and the Doe River and then returned to North Carolina to notify family and friends of his discovery. In late 1770 or early 1771, Robertson returned to the Old Fields with sixteen families in tow. Robertson&#39;s settlement, which became known as the Watauga Settlement, grew quickly.</p><br>
<p>The Watauga settlers believed (or claimed to have believed) that they were on lands that were part of the British domain, as the Watauga River is part of the watershed of the Holston River, the latter being established as the boundary between British and Cherokee lands by the 1770 Treaty of Lochaber. In 1771, however, a survey by John Donelson discovered that the Watauga settlements, along with the nearby Nolichucky settlement and an area east of Long Island of the Holston known as Carter&#39;s Valley, were on lands still claimed by the Cherokee. British Superintendent of Indian Affairs John Stuart thus ordered the Watauga settlers to vacate the valley and return to British territory.</p><br>
<h3>The Watauga Association</h3><br>
<p>In 1772, the Watauga settlers, hoping to keep control of the land they had been developing, sent James Robertson and James Bean to Chota, where they negotiated a 10-year lease for the lands in the Watauga Valley. Being outside the authority of the Virginia and North Carolina colonial governments, the settlers lacked any official means of dealing with criminals and carrying out basic government functions, such as registering land deeds. Thus, in May 1772, the settlers drafted the Articles of the Watauga Association— one of the first written constitutions west of the Appalachian Mountains. The Watauga Association consisted of a five-man court that held sessions in a courthouse at Sycamore Shoals. The Association is often considered the root of state government in Tennessee, especially since many Wataugans went on to play prominent roles in the failed State of Franklin in the 1780s and in the Southwest Territory and Tennessee state governments in the 1790s. While later writers such as USA President Theodore Roosevelt romanticized the Watauga Association as a microcosm of the American Revolution, modern historians point out that the Wataugans never claimed to be independent of the British Crown, and tried to associate themselves with Virginia.</p><br>
<p>The Carter Mansion, the oldest frame house standing in Tennessee, may be the only surviving material link to the Watauga Association. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the mansion was built between 1775 and 1780 by John Carter and his son Landon. John and Landon Carter were both prominent in political and military affairs, serving during the American Revolution and several conflicts with Native Americans. When Tennessee was admitted into the United States in 1796, Carter County was named for Landon Carter, and the county seat of Elizabethton was named for his wife, Elizabeth Maclin Carter. The finely detailed interior and over-mantle paintings place the mansion among the most significant historic houses in Tennessee.</p><br>
<h3>Treaty of Sycamore Shoals</h3><br>
<p>The defeat of the Shawnee in Lord Dunmores War in 1774 emboldened land speculators in North Carolina, who believed much of what is now Kentucky and Tennessee would soon be under British control. One such speculator, Richard Henderson (1734–1785), learned from his friend Daniel Boone that the Cherokee were interested in selling a large part of their land on the Trans-Appalachian frontier, and Henderson quickly set up negotiations with Cherokee leaders. Between March 14 and March 17, 1775, Henderson, Boone, and several associates met at Sycamore Shoals with Cherokee leaders Attakullakulla, Oconastota, Willanawaw, Doublehead and Dragging Canoe, the latter of whom sought unsuccessfully to reject Hendersons purchase of tribal lands outside the Donelson line, and departed the conference vowing to turn the lands "dark and bloody" if settlers attempted to settle upon them. The rest of the negotiations went fairly smoothly, however, and the Treaty of Sycamore Shoals was signed on March 17, 1775. At the same conference, the Watauga and Nolichucky settlers negotiated similar purchases for their lands.</p><br>
<p>The Treaty of Sycamore Shoals, sometimes called the "Transylvania Purchase" (after Hendersons Transylvania Company, which had raised money for the endeavor), basically consisted of two parts. The first, known as the "Path Grant Deed", regarded the Transylvania Companys purchase of lands in Southwest Virginia (including parts of what is now West Virginia) and northeastern Tennessee. The second part, known as the "Great Grant," acknowledged the Transylvania Company&#39;s purchase of some 20,000,000 acre of land between the Kentucky River and Cumberland River, which included a large portion of modern Kentucky and northern Tennessee. The Transylvania Company paid for the land with 10,000 pounds sterling of trade goods. After the treaty was signed, Boone proceeded northward to blaze the Wilderness Road, connecting the Transylvania Purchase lands with the Holston settlements.</p><br>
<h3>Fort Watauga</h3><br>
<p>The Transylvania Purchase and the accompanying Watauga and Nolichucky purchases violated the Royal Proclamation of 1763, and the Virginia and North Carolina assemblies rejected their legality. At the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War in the months after the treaty was signed, the settlers aligned themselves with the colonies, whereas the Cherokee aligned themselves with the British. The Watauga and Nolichucky settlers organized themselves into the "Washington District" and formed a Committee of Safety, which set out to purchase arms and ammunition. The committee also oversaw the construction of various forts, including Fort Caswell (later called Fort Watauga) at Sycamore Shoals.</p><br>
<p>In July 1776, the Cherokee invaded the Nolichucky, Holston, and Watauga settlements. Although the settlers were chased out of Carter&#39;s Valley and the Nolichucky valley, the Holston settlers managed to thwart Dragging Canoe at the Battle of Island Flats (at modern Kingsport) on July 20. The following day, a Cherokee contingent led by Old Abraham of Chilhowee reached Fort Watauga. The Wataugans, led by John Carter, James Robertson, and John Sevier, were well-prepared, having been warned of the invasion by Nancy Ward. Ward also used her powers as a Cherokee Beloved Woman to spare the life of Lydia Russell Bean (wife of early settler William Bean), who had been captured during the invasion and had been sentenced to be burned at the stake. The Cherokee laid siege to Fort Watauga for about two weeks before retreating. A relief force led by William Christian arrived at Fort Watauga a few weeks later and attacked the Overhill towns. The following year, the Cherokee signed the Treaty of Long Island, ceding the Sycamore Shoals area to the United States.</p><br>
<h3>The Overmountain Men</h3><br>
<p>In 1776, the Washington District sent a petition to the North Carolina Assembly asking to be annexed. In November of that year, North Carolina agreed, and the district was admitted to the state as Washington County. Washington County militiamen, who along with the Holston and Southwest Virginia militiamen comprised a frontier militia known as the Overmountain Men, took part in various engagements throughout the war, including the Siege of Charleston (historian Samuel Cole Williams dubbed the sieges Washington County participants the first "volunteers" of Tennessee) and the Battle of Musgrove Mill. In late 1780, Major Patrick Ferguson led an army of loyalists into the Appalachian Mountains to cover Cornwallis invasion of North Carolina. Ferguson sent a message to the frontiersmen in Southwest Virginia and northeast Tennessee, ordering them to give up their arms or face destruction.</p><br>
<p>On September 25, a force of 400 Virginians led by William Campbell, 240 Sullivan Countians led by Isaac Shelby, and 240 Washington Countians led by John Sevier gathered at Sycamore Shoals. After being supplied with food, money, and gunpowder by locals, the force marched across the Appalachian Mountains, linking up with several North Carolina and South Carolina militias along the way. On October 7, the Overmountain Men engaged and defeated Ferguson&#39;s loyalists at the Battle of Kings Mountain. The Overmountain Men suffered less than 100 casualties while killing 157 in the loyalist force (including Ferguson), wounding 163, and capturing another 698. The victory forced Cornwallis to temporarily abandon his invasion of North Carolina.</p><br>
<h2>Sycamore Shoals State Historic Park</h2><br>
<p>In the 20th century, various entities began to acknowledge the importance of Sycamore Shoals in the history of Tennessee and the Trans-Appalachian frontier. In 1909, the Daughters of the American Revolution placed an obelisk, constructed from local river rock and set on a concrete base, at the intersection of West G Street and Monument Place in Elizabethton, one half-mile from the mouth of Gap Creek at Watauga River, where Tennessee historian J. G. M. Ramsey recorded within his Annals of Tennessee as where Fort Watauga had once stood.</p><br>
<p>In 1964, Sycamore Shoals was designated a National Historic Landmark, and it was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966. As part of the United States Bicentennial celebrations, the state of Tennessee decided to reconstruct Fort Watauga. The state purchased Sycamore Shoals, a small island within the shoals, and an undeveloped stretch of land along the south bank of the Watauga River for the reconstructed fort and the accompanying state park that would interpret it and maintain the shoals. Sycamore Shoals State Historic Park opened in 1975. In 1980, the USA Congress appropriated funds for the creation of the Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail, which connects Sycamore Shoals with Kings Mountain National Military Park.</p><br>
<p>Today, Sycamore Shoals State Historic Park hosts various annual reenactments regarding the siege of Fort Watauga and the mustering of the Overmountain Men. A walking trail follows the south bank of the Watauga, allowing easy access to the Sycamore Shoals, with various interpretive signs explaining the various historical events along the way. In recent years, the relatively low waters along the shoals (which are easy to wade across) have become a popular spot for fly fishing.</p><br>
<p>The Hurricane of 1928 African-American Mass Burial Site  is a paupers cemetery and mass grave in West Palm Beach, Florida. It is listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places. The cemetery is situated near the junction of 25th Street and Tamarind Avenue between I-95 and USA Route 1. The site is the location in which 674 bodies of African Americans or those of an unknown race were buried following the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane, while most of the white victims of the storm received a proper burial at Woodlawn Cemetery due to segregation laws.</p><br>
<p>Established in 1913, the property of the pauper&#39;s cemetery currently includes approximately 1.03 acres of land. Although the site is located at the southwest corner of 25th Street and Tamarind Avenue, 25th Street was paved above the northern portion of the mass grave in the 1950s, unearthing a number of bodies in the process.</p><br>
<p>After the 1928 hurricane, the bodies buried at that location became mostly forgotten by the public. The city of West Palm Beach sold the land and it changed ownership several times into the 1980s. Beginning in 1991, a movement to convince the city of West Palm Beach to repurchase the property began, which succeeded in December 2000. On September 12, 2002, it was added to the US National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The Hurricane of 1928 African-American Mass Burial Site is located in West Palm Beach, Florida, at the southwest corner of the intersection of 25th Street and Tamarind Avenue. Originally, the pauper&#39;s cemetery was composed of approximately 12 acres, but portions of the property were sold. Additionally, 25th Street was redirected to pass through the cemetery. The property today contains about 1.03 acres of land. The property is dotted with several pillars reading "1928" and a historical marker, which was erected in 2003. There are also sidewalks, trees, and benches.</p><br>
<p>The bodies were buried in two layers in a now completely fence-enclosed 40 by area, which is located near the northeast corner of the pauper&#39;s cemetery, close to 25th Street and about 145 ft west of Tamarind Avenue. However, the parcel of land containing the bodies extended farther north prior to the 25th Street, which moved southeastward-to-northwestward until becoming an east-to-west street in the 1950s. A larger fence, approximately 40 by, surrounds the inner fence and mass burial parcel.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Establishment of the cemetery and 1928 hurricane</h3><br>
<p>In 1913, the city of West Palm Beach set aside land for cemeteries. Three acres each were reserved for a Palm Beach County paupers cemetery, a city paupers cemetery, a pest house, and a paupers house – 12 acres in total. The city pauper cemetery, the future location of the mass burial site, was located at the southwest corner of Tamarind Avenue and 25th Street, which moved northwest to southeast at the time. In 1917, the county established a paupers cemetery near the present-day intersection of 45th Street and Australian Avenue. However, a portion of the property was sold to a slaughterhouse in 1917.</p><br>
<p>The 1928 Okeechobee hurricane caused at least 2,500 deaths, most of which were migrant, black farmer workers around Lake Okeechobee. Due to racial segregation at the time, the coffins provided were used for the white victims, most of whom received a proper burial at Woodlawn Cemetery in West Palm Beach. The bodies of the black people who were killed, and some of those whose race could not be identified, were disposed of by other means. Some were burned in funeral pyres, while many were placed into mass graves, including about 1,600 in Port Mayaca, 674 at the paupers cemetery in West Palm Beach, at least 22 in Miami Locks (now known as Lake Harbor), 28 in Ortona, and 22 in Sebring. There were also unconfirmed reports of bodies buried in Loxahatchee. After the burials were complete, then-Mayor of West Palm Beach Vincent Oaksmith proclaimed an hour of mourning on October 1 for those who died during the storm. A funeral service was hosted by several local clergymen. Roughly 3,000 people attended, including educator and civil rights activist Mary McLeod Bethune. A memorial was placed at Woodlawn Cemetery in memory of the victims of the storm, but no such marker was placed at the paupers cemetery.</p><br>
<h3>After the hurricane</h3><br>
<p>Those buried were largely forgotten, despite reports of human remains resurfacing over the years, including during the rerouting of 25th Street in the 1950s, which resulted in the unearthing of several bodies. In 1957, the city of West Palm Beach sold a section of the burial grounds to a sewage disposal plant, but the property changed ownership again in the 1980s when the city exchanged the land for property on 23rd street, just to the south of the grounds and where a church was located. After some deed restrictions were lifted in 1985,</p><br>
<p>The public remained mostly unaware of mass burials on the site until the 1990s, until the Sankofa Society conducted a well-publicized blessing ceremony in 1991. Kolkana refused to sell or donate the land back to the city of West Palm Beach, but halted any plans for construction on the property. In 1992, city work crews located human remains on the property using a backhoe. The bones were reburied, but their locations were marked. Resident Robert Hazard established the Storm of &#39;28 Memorial Park Coalition in 1999 as a non-profit organization used to reacquire the land and solicit donations for a memorial complex. The complex was originally intended to include an educational center and a museum about African-American pioneers and migrant farm workers, at a cost of approximately $6.1 million. Organizations such as the Sankofa Society proposed a less sophisticated plan of erecting an information wall and a large marble headstone, at a far less expensive cost of about $43,000.</p><br>
<p>In 2000, a Miami-based technology company was hired by the city of West Palm Beach to conduct a ground-penetrating radar survey covering a 200 ft by 200 ft area. The team performed the assessment with a subsurface interface radar, which was used to determine the locations of the bodies. The report of the survey indicated that a 70 ft by 30 ft trench was dug for disposal of the bodies, however the extension of 25th street "unearthed random bodies from the old pauper&#39;s cemetery, and it ran right through the north end of the mass grave trench." Additionally, according to the survey, the bodies were buried in two layers.</p><br>
<h3>Re-acquisition by the city of West Palm Beach</h3><br>
<p>City Commissioner Alfred Zucaro urged then-West Palm Beach mayor Joel T. Daves III in September 2000 to reacquire the land using eminent domain. This would allow the city to receive the land for its appraised value of only $1,000 without consent from Kolkana. On September 11, four of the five city commissioners – Jim Exline, Ike Robinson, Bill Moss, and Zucaro – voted in approval of eminent domain after failures to negotiate with Kolkana and accusations of racism. The fifth commissioner, Mary Brandenburg, was absent.</p><br>
<p>The Warm Mineral Springs is a water-filled sinkhole located in North Port, Florida, a mile north of USA 41. The primary water supply is a spring vent deep beneath the pool&#39;s water surface. Warm Mineral Springs is the only warm water mineral spring in the State of Florida. It is an important geological and archaeological site containing Native American remnants. The site was operated as a spa from 1946 until 2000. It was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on November 28, 1977. The springs re-opened for swimming only in 2014.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Warm Mineral Springs is a sinkhole formed in carbonate rock by the collapse of the roof of a cavern 30,000 years ago. The land surrounding the sinkhole is flat, and about 3 m above mean sea level. The circular opening of the sinkhole at the current water level is 72 m across. The sinkhole is 70 m deep, and is shaped roughly like an hourglass. The opening narrows to 48 m across a few meters below the surface of the water. About 13 m below the surface the opening widens for a short space, forming a ledge under an overhang. The opening narrows to 38 m across at 30 m below the surface, and then opens up again, reaching 72 m across at the bottom of the sinkhole. Debris from the collapsed roof and sides of the sink, and other material that has fallen into the sink, forms a large cone at the bottom, rising to 38 m below the surface of the water.</p><br>
<p>The environment in Florida during the Pleistocene period was much different than today. Due to the enormous amount of water frozen in ice sheets during the last glacial period, the sea level was at least 100 m lower than it is today. Florida had about twice the land area of today, its water table was much lower, and its climate was cooler and much drier. There were few running rivers or springs in the part of Florida that is now above sea level. The few water sources in the interior of Florida were rain-fed lakes and water holes perched on relatively impervious deposits of marl and deep sinkholes partially filled by springs, such as Warm Mineral Springs. The water level in the sinkhole 12,000 years ago was about 30 m lower than it is today. Dripstone (stalactites and stalagmites) has formed on the walls of Warm Mineral Springs down to about 30 m below the present level of the water, indicating that the water level in the sinkhole was at least low long enough for the dripstone to form.</p><br>
<p>Although there are many small freshwater springs in the walls of the sinkhole, the primary source is a vent 63 m below the surface of the water which discharges an estimated 20,000,000 USAgal a day of warm mineralized water. The water has a high content of dissolved chloride (1,600 to 1,700 milligrams per liter ) and hydrogen sulfide (9,200 to 9,600 mg/L), and essentially no dissolved oxygen. The source of the water is uncertain. The water enters the sinkhole at the 63 m level from a conduit that extends with several turns to a point 53 m from the entrance and 67 m below the surface of the water. The conduit has an elliptical shape, about 1 m high by 3 m wide, for much of its length. At the far end the conduit opens up into two small caverns. Most of the flow appears to enter through the floor of the last cavern. Between 5,000,000 USAgal and 7,000,000 USAgal a day overflows from the sinkhole.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area surrounding the spring was developed as a spa in 1946, including the construction of a bathhouse. The property was sold in 1955 and the new owners began a housing development, platting 3,000 housing lots on the property. The Warm Mineral Springs Motel was opened at the entrance to the spring in 1958. In 1959, a Park Spa Building and Cyclorama (depicting Ponce de Leon&#39;s alleged discovery of the Fountain of Youth) were built at the spring to house a Florida Quadricentenial celebration, which ran from December 14, 1959, to March 15, 1960. The Spa Building and the Cyclorama were designed by Jack West, a leader of the Sarasota School of Architecture. The Spa Building, the Cyclorama, and a sales building attached to the Spa, were added to the National List of Historic Places in 2019 as the Warm Mineral Springs Building Complex.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1950s, William Royal and other scuba divers found artifacts and human bones from at least seven individuals in Warm Mineral Springs. A partially burned log found in association with some of the human bones was radiocarbon dated to about 10,000 years ago. If the bones were the same age as the log, then the bones were the oldest known evidence of human occupation in Florida at the time. Bone artifacts recovered in association with the human bones were described as of "Archaic period in the Americas-type." Apparently, the bones and artifacts were deposited above the water level in the sinkhole at that time.</p><br>
<p>One skull recovered from under sediment about 40 ft under the present water level in the sinkhole contained organic matter. Hospital medical staff who examined the contents of the skull observed that it looked like a brain. One doctor reported that he could distinguish the cerebellum from pieces of the cerebrum. A section through the material also appeared to show grey and white matter. Tests were consistent with the material being brain matter, but no cellular structure could be observed.</p><br>
<p>Unrestricted access to the spring resulted in scuba divers removing human bones and artifacts and stalactites and stalagmites as souvenirs and for sale. Almost all artifacts had been removed from the sinkhole before scientific exploration began. The property owners started restricting access to the sinkhole and trying to prevent looting and vandalism in the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>Agencies that care for public property are required to inventory archaeological resources and to ensure their protection and preservation in the long term. They employ archeologists, part of whose job it is to catalog and curate artifacts found on that property. Landowners and those having permission to collect from the landowners are less constrained but not entirely free to do whatever they wish. Unmarked graves are protected by law and it is illegal to disturb them except under certain terms of various federal, state and local laws.</p><br>
<p>Wilburn Cockrell, an archaeologist at Florida State University, started working at Warm Mineral Springs in 1972. This work led to the private owner&#39;s protecting the site due to its archaeological significance. Archaeological exploration of the sinkhole paused in 1975, resuming in 1984. Phase II of the project found evidence of tool making by early humans. There is evidence of the Paleo-Indian and Archaic cultures.</p><br>
<p>Wilburn Cockrell has described Warm Mineral Springs as the "burial ground" for the prehistoric residential community at nearby Little Salt Spring. In a 1988 interview, Cockrell stated that the remains of more than 20 Paleoindians have been found in the sinkhole, including some radiocarbon dated to 12,000 years ago. The archaeologists also found bones of several Pleistocene animals, including a giant ground sloth, a saber-toothed cat, a horse, and a camelid. Cockrell found an 11,000-year-old human skeleton in a fetal position, apparently placed in a crevice with broken stalactites holding it in place. This may be the oldest known intentional burial in North America.</p><br>
<p>In 1996-1997, a group of diver explorers conducted an underwater survey of the site resulting in the mapping of two warm water vents ~97 degrees F and two cool water vents ~76 degrees F. The group also videotaped the site including the source of the deepest warm water vent at the end of a 150 ft. lone cave.</p><br>
<p>Warm Mineral Springs was purchased on December 20, 2010, by Sarasota County and the city of North Port for $5.5 million.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The buildings serving the springs have been attributed to Sarasota School of Architecture architect Jack West and were constructed sometime in the late 1950s. The entry building contains a gift shop, locker rooms, showers, and a restaurant.</p><br>
<p>A separate circular structure dubbed the "Cyclorama" contains a 226 x 13 ft 360-degree mural, with some 3-D figures, depicting nine scenes of Ponce de Leons arrival in Florida in 1513 and his search for a fountain of youth, since Warm Mineral Springs is thought to have been that particular fountain. The Cyclorama was created as part of the 1959 commemorations for the 400th anniversary of Tristan de Lunas settlement of Pensacola, the first in "La Florida." The large mural was painted by local Sarasota artist Don Putman and originally, was accompanied by a 22-minute narration by Lowell Thomas. The Cyclorama has been closed since the 1970s and its fate is unknown although restoration efforts of the park facilities are underway following the devastation of Hurricane Ian.</p><br>
<p>The Berkeley Public Library is the public library system for Berkeley, California. It consists of the Central Library, Claremont Branch, North Branch, West Branch, Tarea Hill Pittman South Branch, and the Tool Lending Library, which is one of the nation&#39;s first such libraries.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Berkeley Public Library opened in 1893 on Shattuck Avenue with 264 books. In 1905, the library moved to a new brick building on Shattuck Avenue at 2090 Kittredge Street. The new library was funded by Andrew Carnegie and built on land donated by Rosa M. Shattuck, the widow of Francis K. Shattuck. Immediately following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and the resulting population surge from across the San Francisco Bay, the library opened four other branches around Berkeley. In 1930, the library was demolished and a new design from architect James W. Plachek was approved. Construction of the new building began in 1930. The new central library opened in 1931, where it remains. It was renovated and reopened in 2002.</p><br>
<p>In 2011, the Berkeley Public Library began a series of renovations and expansions of its four neighborhood branches. It completed renovation of the Claremont and North Branches in 2012, the South Branch and Tool Lending Library in May 2013, and the West Branch library in December 2013. During construction, a bookmobile called the Branch Van parked near each location to conduct basic transactions and provide access to library collections in the local neighborhoods.</p><br>
<p>On July 1, 2018, the Berkeley Public Library eliminated overdue fines for non-childrens media; childrens books were already fine-free. The Tool Lending Library followed suit on October 3, 2022.</p><br>
<p>Also in 2018, Berkeley Public Library instituted the Easy Access Card, a library card available to persons without a fixed address.</p><br>
<h2>Technology</h2><br>
<p>All Berkeley Public Library branches have self-checkout machines. Patrons can use these to check out materials themselves by scanning the items and their library card. This checkout method works for all media—books, CDs, DVDs, etc.—and provides the patron with a receipt for the items. All branches still also offer checkout from library staff at circulation desks.</p><br>
<p>Patrons can also request and renew books over the Internet from their homes, or over the telephone.</p><br>
<h2>Tool Lending Library</h2><br>
<p>The Tool Lending Library opened in 1979 and is one of the nation&#39;s first such libraries.</p><br>
<p>Tool Lending Library offerings include basic hand tools, light power tools, and equipment: screwdrivers, various hammers, drills, biscuit jointers, string trimmers ("weed wackers") shovels, ladders, concrete mixers—and free advice. Lending times are seven days for manual items, and two days for power tools.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The primary Berkeley Public Library stands as the architectural creation of (c.1885-1948), a locally renowned and versatile architect who played a pivotal role in shaping downtown Berkeley and its civic center between the two World Wars. A prominent example of Zig Zag Moderne, the library showcases the style&#39;s distinctive features, including modern materials, construction efficiency, and artistic excellence. Its significance extends beyond architectural merit, encompassing its harmonious integration with stylistically similar structures, exceptional state of preservation, and the groundbreaking 1973 restoration.</p><br>
<p>Constructed during the Great Depression, the librarys realization was made possible through community support, drawing widespread attention and reflecting Berkeleys longstanding tradition of backing libraries. This tradition dates back to the Shattuck family donations of 1893 and 1903 and culminated in the overwhelming voter approval of a special post-Prop.13 library tax in 1980.</p><br>
<p>Berkeleys initial public library building, funded by a Carnegie grant in 1903, was designed by John Galen Howard, the Beaux Arts architect of the University of California. The librarys expansion requests in 1913 and the subsequent voter-approved library building tax in 1921 and 1925 foreshadowed its need for growth. Despite the challenges posed by the Depression, Berkeley remained committed to the construction of a new library. In 1930, work commenced with the demolition of the 25-year-old Howard building, perceived as too small and stylistically outdated by progressive Berkeleyans.</p><br>
<p>James Plachek, a local civic and professional leader, emerged as the chosen architect for the project. His extensive involvement in Berkeley&#39;s civic affairs, coupled with his experience as an architect, made him a natural fit for the role. Plachek had previously designed branch libraries, including Tudor Revival and Spanish Colonial styles, as well as various city buildings such as schools, firehouses, and police stations. Notably, he was one of the few architects of his time to transition from period revival designs to the modern style.</p><br>
<p>The librarys opening in 1931 garnered attention, with a 10-page lead article in the January 1931 Architect & Engineer praising its responsiveness to community needs, modernity, meaningful artistry, and structural simplicity. Placheks comprehensive approach extended to the design of light fixtures, furniture, and hardware, all locally constructed.</p><br>
<p>Beyond its architectural significance, the library played a key role in the development of downtown Berkeley. In 1932, two adjacent structures, the U.A. Theater and a tiled store building were added, enhancing its integration into the Main Street setting. Today, the library anchors a de facto civic center, aligned with other prominent structures such as the post office, municipal offices, Veterans Memorial, City Hall, and Placheks police station, creating a cohesive urban ensemble.</p><br>
<p>The Wigwam Motels, also known as the "Wigwam Villages", is a motel chain in the United States built during the 1930s and 1940s. The rooms are built in the form of tipis, mistakenly referred to as wigwams. It originally had seven different locations: two locations in Kentucky and one each in Alabama, Florida, Arizona, Louisiana, and California.</p><br>
<p>They are very distinctive historic landmarks. Two of the three surviving motels are located on historic USA Route 66: in Holbrook, Arizona, and in San Bernardino, California. All three of the surviving motels are listed on the National Register of Historic Places: the Wigwam Motel in Cave City, Kentucky, was listed in 1988 under the official designation of Wigwam Village #2; the Wigwam Motel in Arizona was listed as Wigwam Village #6 in 2002; and the Wigwam Motel in California was listed in 2012 as Wigwam Village #7.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Frank A. Redford developed the Village after adding tipi-shaped motel units around a museum-shop he had built to house his collection of Native American artifacts. He applied for a patent on the ornamental design of the buildings on December 17, 1935, and was granted Design Patent 98,617 on February 18, 1936. The original drawing includes the swastika, at the time a symbol associated with Native Americans or often worn as a good-luck charm.</p><br>
<p>Seven Wigwam Villages were built between 1933 and 1949.</p><br>
<h2>Wigwam villages</h2><br>
<h3>Village #1: Horse Cave, Kentucky</h3><br>
<p>The first Wigwam Village was built in 1933 by Frank A. Redford. It was located on the corner of US-31E and Hwy 218 in Horse Cave, Kentucky.</p><br>
<p>The central building and gas pumps are visible on undated postcards. Six more wigwams were built to be used as guest rooms.</p><br>
<p>Village #1 closed in 1935 when the nearby Wigwam Village #2 was opened, but operated under different names until it was eventually abandoned; it was razed in 1982.</p><br>
<h3>Village #2: Cave City, Kentucky</h3><br>
<p>Wigwam Village #2 was built in 1937 on USA Route 31W in Cave City, Kentucky, close to Mammoth Cave National Park and a few miles south of the original Wigwam Village #1. The address is 601 North Dixie Hwy, Cave City, Kentucky. ( 37°0843.0"N, 85°5643.8"W )</p><br>
<p>It consists of 15 wigwams used as guest rooms that are arranged in a semicircle. In the center is a much bigger concrete and steel central structure that originally served as a restaurant, plus a common area with playground, recreation space, and pavilion.</p><br>
<p>The diameter at the base of each tipi is 14 ft, and they are 32 ft in height. Behind the main room of each unit is a small bathroom with sink, toilet, and shower. In 2008, the rooms contain the original restored hickory furniture and a window-mounted air conditioner. There are no telephones to maintain the original atmosphere of the motel, but the rooms do have cable TV and internet access.</p><br>
<p>Wigwam Village #2 is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h3>Village #3: New Orleans, Louisiana</h3><br>
<p>This wigwam village was built in 1940, on USA Route 61 in Metairie, a suburb of New Orleans, Louisiana. It included a restaurant, cocktail bar, souvenir shop, and Esso service station. Village #3 went out of business in 1954, leaving little documentation behind.</p><br>
<h3>Village #4: Orlando, Florida</h3><br>
<p>Wigwam Village #4 was built in 1948, and was located at 700 S. Orange Blossom Trail. The builder, Jerry Kinsley, later served as mayor of Edgewood, Florida.</p><br>
<p>This relatively large wigwam village consisted of 27 guest rooms, each in a separate wigwam constructed to resemble a horseshoe shape, with four additional wigwams, likely housing offices and a restaurant. A pool was located in the middle of the lot. Village #4 claimed to be "Orlando&#39;s largest and finest Motel."</p><br>
<p>Village #4 was razed in 1974, and replaced with a Days Inn. An attempt to save some of the tipis by using a helicopter to airlift them to a YMCA Summer Camp failed, as they were too heavy to move. A 330-room Vacation Lodge now sits on the site.</p><br>
<h3>Village #5: Bessemer, Alabama</h3><br>
<p>The Wigwam Village #5 was built in 1940 in Bessemer, Alabama. It was located 4 mi north of downtown Bessemer, on USA Route 11, and included 15 guest cabins, arranged in a semicircle around the restaurant, restrooms, and offices. Rather than the steel, lath, and plaster of Redford&#39;s original design, the Village #5 structures were made of steel, wood, and felt, then covered in canvas and treated with linseed oil.</p><br>
<p>Village #5 went out of business in 1964, and was demolished after falling into ruin, although the restaurant reportedly stood until 1970.</p><br>
<h3>Village #6: Holbrook, Arizona</h3><br>
<p>Arizona motel owner Chester E. Lewis built this Wigwam Village in 1950. It is located on the historic Route 66, at 811 West Hopi Drive in Holbrook, Arizona. Nearby places of interest include Petrified Forest National Park, Meteor Crater (Barringer Crater), and the Grand Canyon.</p><br>
<p>The plans for this motel were based on the original of Frank A. Redford. Lewis first became aware of the distinctive wigwam designs when passing through Cave City in 1938. He purchased the rights to Redfords design, as well as the right to use the name "Wigwam Village," in a novel royalty agreement: coin-operated radios would be installed in Lewiss Wigwam Village, and every dime inserted for 30 minutes of play would be sent to Redford as payment.</p><br>
<p>The motel is arranged as a square, with 15 concrete and steel wigwams on three sides and the main office on the fourth, flanked by two smaller sized wigwams; there was also originally a gas station on the complex. The individual units are called "wigwams", not "rooms" or "tepees" or "cabins". The units are numbered from 1 to 16, (there is no 13). The base diameter is 14 ft, with each unit 32 ft in height. Behind the main room of each unit is a small bathroom with sink, toilet and shower. Current rooms contain the original restored hickory furniture, two double beds, satellite TV and a window-mounted air conditioner. In keeping with the authenticity of the restoration, there are no telephones or ice machine.</p><br>
<p>Vintage restored automobiles from the 1960s and earlier are located throughout the parking area. Small green metal benches etched with the words "Wigwam Village #6" are scattered throughout the complex as well.</p><br>
<p>Lewis operated the motel until closing it in 1974 when Interstate 40 bypassed downtown Holbrook. Two years after his death in 1986, sons Clifton and Paul Lewis and daughter Elinor renovated the motel before reopening it in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The Lewis family continues to run and maintain Wigwam Village #6. Near the registration desk is a small room that contains much of Chester Lewis&#39;s memorabilia, including a collection of petrified wood.</p><br>
<p>Wigwam Village #6 has been listed in the National Register of Historic Places since May 2, 2002.</p><br>
<h3>Village #7: San Bernardino, California</h3><br>
<p>Frank Redford built this complex for himself in 1947–49 and not as a franchise. The address of the motel is Rialto, California, but the motel is physically located in San Bernardino. It is on the boundary between the two cities on historic Route 66, with an address of 2728 East Foothill Boulevard, Rialto, California.</p><br>
<p>Unlike the one arch of wigwams in other surviving villages, Village #7 has a double row of wigwam guest rooms. They total 20 in number, as well as a base for what seems to be another never-completed wigwam in the back of the property. A central building is currently used as an office, with a lobby that is open 24 hours a day. There is also a swimming pool, a large grass front and palm trees surround the property.</p><br>
<p>The property had become very run down and rooms were rented by the hour, aggravated by a sign advertising "Do it in a Tee Pee" that is still on site in the back. The complex underwent renovation, for which the National Historic Route 66 Federation awarded the Cyrus Avery Award in 2005. Attention to detail was the main focus during renovation, as the wigwams lost their zigzag pattern.</p><br>
<p>Since 2012, the motel has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Other wigwam-like motels</h2><br>
<p>The Tee Pee Motel in Wharton, Texas near Houston, which was built in 1942 by George and Toppie Belcher; George Belcher had the idea while on vacation in Wyoming. It is not of the same design nor heritage as the Wigwam Motels; each of the tipis at the Tee Pee Motel are of different shapes, and line up in a straight line. The Belchers sold the motel in 1955, and it had been in disrepair for decades. A man named Dan Ryan bought it in 1995, but subsequent attempts to locate him failed, and the taxes on the property were not paid. In March 2012 the motel was the site of a large drugs seizure. It closed in 2017, due to flood damage from Hurricane Harvey.</p><br>
<p>Similar motels also stood in San Antonio, Port Neches, and Corsicana, Texas.</p><br>
<h2>Appearances in popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The motels and their imitators have been parodied many times. Rockstar&#39;s 2004 Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas game contains a Tee Pee Motel. In the 2006 Pixar film Cars, one of the characters Sally Carrera runs a "newly refurbished" neon-lit motel that is clearly inspired by Wigwam Village #6. The motel is called the Cozy Cone Motel, and each room is fashioned as a traffic cone.</p><br>
<p>In 2012 a digitally altered image of Wigwam Village #6 appeared in an advertisement for Microtel Inn and Suites.</p><br>
<p>Wigwam number 1 of the Holbrook, Arizona, Wigwam Village #6 was featured in the second episode of Oprah and Gayle&#39;s Big Adventures on The Oprah Winfrey Show.</p><br>
<p>Wigwam Village #6 is featured in the 1991 movie The Dark Wind, based on the 1982 Tony Hillerman novel of the same name.</p><br>
<p>Wigwam Village #7 is featured in Bobcat Goldthwait&#39;s 2011 black comedy film God Bless America. Joan Didion mentions #7 in her essay "Some Dreamers of the Golden Dream", included in her 1968 collection Slouching Towards Bethlehem.</p><br>
<p>The First National Bank Building, also known as the First National Building, is a Romanesque Revival It stands at 201-205 South Main Street in downtown Ann Arbor. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 24, 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The First National Bank was established In 1863, and was the first bank in Washtenaw County. The bank hired the Ann Arbor firm of Fry and Kasurin to design this building, and construction began in 1927. The building was completed in 1930, and was at the time the tallest building in Ann Arbor. The building housed both the bank and a number of prominent local professional firms. In 1936, First National merged with two other financial institutions and vacated the building; the former banking offices were converted into retail space.</p><br>
<p>The building was purchased by First Martin Corporation in 1981, and the company completely renovated the entire structure in 1982. As of 2018, First Martin owns and operates the building.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The First National Bank Building stands at ten floors in height, with rear wings of two and five stories. The building is designed with an interesting blend of Art Deco and Art moderne architectural styles. It has a steel frame, and the principal façades are clad in lightly colored terra-cotta designed in a restrained Romanesque styling. The terra cotta was executed by the Northwestern Terra Cotta Company. The terra cotta has broad vertical lines; there are gargoyles mounted near the top beneath a decorative cornice.</p><br>
<p>South Park is a 24-block, 150-acre area of more than 780 structures primarily dating from the 1880s to the early twentieth century. It is located south of downtown Dayton, Ohio, just north of the University of Dayton campus and Woodland Cemetery, and east of Miami Valley Hospital. Mainly residential in character, South Park is significant because of the variety of its architecture, which includes vernacular, cottage, and high style examples, and because of its association with John H. Patterson, founder of the National Cash Register Company .</p><br>
<h2>Slidertown</h2><br>
<p>The first structures were built in Sliderstown, named after Reverend Slider, in the mid-1800s.</p><br>
<p>When John H. Patterson founded the National Cash Register Company in 1884, the neighborhood around the factory complex, Slidertown, had a poor reputation. To encourage workers to live closer in a beautiful environment, Patterson employed corporate welfare and began to clean up the area. He hired the Olmsted Brothers to design the landscape around the factory and recreate the neighborhoods cottage gardens as models for residents. Residents also learned the principals of good planting so they had the skills to plant and maintain their own yards, and prizes were awarded for the best gardens. In 1897, the National Cash Register Companys Boys&#39; Garden was founded to create a connection for boys in the neighborhood to learn responsibility that would ultimately make them successful citizens and workers and dissuade them from becoming a nuisance.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the landscaping, a kindergarten was established and the factory itself was the first "daylight factory" to complete the beautification of the workers environments. By 1901, the area had become a garden-filled community and was known as the desirable neighborhood "South Park."</p><br>
<p>Until the advent of the automobile enabled NCR workers to move further afield, the neighborhood continued to be associated with Patterson&#39;s firm. Many company picnics and other functions took place on Park Drive Boulevard in the heart of the district.</p><br>
<h2>Historic district</h2><br>
<p>On August 23, 1984, South Park was registered on the National Register of Historic Places, bounding streets Park Dr., Morton Ave., Hickory St., and Wayne Ave. (No. 84003794). On July 16, 1988, this expanded to encompass Wyoming St., Nathan Pl., Oak St., Alberta St. and Blaine St. (No. 88000857). City of Dayton Ordinance #26219.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, South Park was chosen by the Dayton chapter of the American Institute of Architects as its community partner. This resulted in the creation of housing designs and landscaping concepts consistent with South Park&#39;s participation in Rehabarama in both 2001 and 2007.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<h3>Structures</h3><br>
<p>The architecture of South Park includes examples of Second Empire, High Victorian Italianate, Queen Anne, Federal and Romanesque Revival in one- and two-story structures of brick and frame. South Park still preserves a sense of close-knit neighborhood whose residents cooperate to maintain the many neighborhood parks which give the district its special flavor.</p><br>
<h3>Landscape</h3><br>
<p>Commissioned by Patterson, John Charles Olmsted was responsible for the layout of Park Drive&#39;s landscape. This boulevard once adorned a fountain centerpiece and waterway running through its middle.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Martin Sheen, actor</p><br>
<p>The Union Bank of Tallahassee, Florida was established around 1830 and the bank building constructed for it in 1841. It is Florida&#39;s oldest surviving bank building. It is located at Apalachee Parkway and Calhoun Street and is now a museum and archive and research center for African American history. On February 24, 1971, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Union Bank building was completed in 1841 as Tallahassee&#39;s first bank by William Williams when Florida was still a territory (Florida Territory). It was chartered to help finance local cotton plantations. It closed in 1843 due to the Seminole Wars, unsound banking practices, and the long recession following the Panic of 1837.</p><br>
<p>In 1847, the bank was purchased by cotton plantation owners William Bailey and Isaac Mitchell.</p><br>
<p>After the Civil War, the bank building reopened as the Freedmans Savings and Trust Company in 1868 for emancipated slaves. It later served as a church, feed store, art house, coffee house, dance studio, locksmiths shop, beauty shop, and shoe factory.</p><br>
<h2>Willis Jiles</h2><br>
<p>Willis Jiles, originally Giles, (1874 - 1963) owned a cobbler shop in the building in the 1920s. Jiles was a graduate of the Tuskegee Institute. His children with wife Sadie graduated from Florida A & M and Xavier University.</p><br>
<h2>Relocation</h2><br>
<p>In 1971, the bank building was moved from its original site on the west side of Adams Street between College Avenue and Park Avenue, to just east of the Capitol on Apalachee Parkway and Calhoun Avenue where it underwent restoration and was opened as a museum in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Southeastern Regional Black Archives Research Center and Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Union Bank building now serves as an extension of the Florida A&M University Southeastern Regional Black Archives, Research Center and Museum. The site is also known as the Capitol Complex Extension Branch of the Southeastern Regional Black Archives.</p><br>
<p>The museum is open to the public and school groups only on weekdays. Artifacts and documents reflecting black history and culture in Florida are on display, and public programs are provided by Black Archives staff.</p><br>
<p>The main location for the Southeastern Regional Black Archives, Research Center and Museum is located at the Carnegie Library at FAMU.</p><br>
<p>Downtown Stamford, or Stamford Downtown, is the central business district of the city of Stamford, Connecticut, United States. It includes major retail establishments, a shopping mall, a university campus, the headquarters of major corporations and Fortune 500 companies, as well as other retail businesses, hotels, restaurants, offices, entertainment venues and high-rise apartment buildings.</p><br>
<p>Since 2000, new development has consumed much of the Downtown area, with the additions of new high-rise buildings and office towers such as the 34-story Park Tower Stamford formerly Trump Parc Stamford, parks such as the new Mill River Park, and housing such as the new 17-story Highgrove Condominium Residences. Other development projects include new student housing at the UCONN Stamford branch, residential housing, and the planned Ritz-Carlton Stamford development, which will include two 39-story hotel/condominium towers. The city also plans to make improvements to the Atlantic Street underpass beneath the New Haven Line railroad tracks just east of the Stamford Transportation Center in order to alleviate a traffic bottleneck. The improvements are also meant to allow quicker evacuation of areas of the South End if disaster strikes. The project received a $245,000 earmark in the federal budget passed in December 2007.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>In relation to other neighborhoods in Stamford, the Downtown is east of the West Side (separated by the Mill River), north of the South End (separated by Interstate 95 and the Metro-North Railroad tracks) and Shippan (also separated by the highway and railroad), west of the East Side and Glenbrook, and south of Newfield, Belltown, High Ridge and Turn of River. Bull&#39;s Head, the mostly commercial area at the intersection of High Ridge Road and Long Ridge Road, is immediately north of the Downtown. The area is within walking distance of the Metro-North train station.</p><br>
<h2>Historic district</h2><br>
<p>The Downtown area has been the heart of the town since colonial times. Much of the history of Stamford took place in the area.</p><br>
<p>The Downtown Stamford Historic District is a historic district that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. The originally listed area included 56 buildings along Atlantic, Main, Bank, and Bedford Streets, and examples of Late 19th and 20th Century Revivals, Late Victorian, and Commercial Vernacular architecture. Its boundaries were increased in 1985 to include an area bounded by Atlantic, Main, Bank, Bedford, Summer between Broad and Main Sts. and Summer Pl. The 1985 boundary increase captured the only surviving area in downtown of lower-rent commercial structures such as warehouses, laundries, and stables. Its boundaries were further increased in 2002 to include an area including Late 19th And 20th Century Revivals and Modern Movement architecture, roughly, Bedford Street between Broad and Forest Streets. The current boundaries of the historic district now encompass most of the southern half of Downtown. The historic district designated in 1983 included the largest remaining area of pre-1930s commercial and institutional buildings in downtown Stamford. The 1985 boundary increase captured the only surviving area in downtown of lower-rent commercial structures such as warehouses, laundries, and stables. The 2002 increase added the 1939-built Avon Theatre and other buildings, adding Late Gothic Revival and Art Deco architectural styles not included in the first and second areas.</p><br>
<h2>Distinctive architecture</h2><br>
<h3>High rises</h3><br>
<p>Over the past 15 years, Downtown Stamford has experienced a boom in high-rise building construction.</p><br>
<p>Park Tower Stamford -- Finished in 2009, the 34-story condominium tower is currently the tallest building in Stamford at 350 feet tall. The building currently features 170 condominium units and a 6-story parking podium. It was designed by Costas Kondylis, who was well known for his high-rise residential design.</p><br>
<p>-- Completed in 2017 by RXR Realty, the 26-story luxury apartment tower features 325 residential units, over 20,000 square feet of retail, and 333 parking spaces. The tower is currently the second tallest building in Stamford, at 315 feet tall. A second residential tower is currently under construction adjacent to the current tower.</p><br>
<p>One Landmark Square -- Completed in 1973 at a cost of $35 million, the "Landmark" in its name is no exaggeration. When it was built, the 295 ft tall, 22-story office building towered over a much lower skyline, and it remains the third-tallest building in the city, the tallest office high-rise, as well as one of the most distinctive buildings in Downtown Stamford. Five smaller buildings designed by Moshe Safdie were later built around the tower, comprising the Landmark Square office complex.</p><br>
<p>-- Completed in 2016, the 250 ft tall, 22-story residential building is the fourth-tallest building in Stamford. The steel building features 226 luxury rental units, and an Australian restaurant, on the ground floor.</p><br>
<h3>Victor Bisharat&#39;s buildings</h3><br>
<p>Many of the most distinctive buildings in Downtown Stamford were designed by the late Victor Bisharat, a Jordanian who received his education at the American University in Beirut, Lebanon and at the University of California at Berkeley. His Stamford buildings were designed for F.D. Rich Co. (For information on Bisharat&#39;s buildings on High Ridge Road, see Arts and culture in Stamford, Connecticut.)</p><br>
<p>St. John&#39;s Towers -- The three cylindrical, 17-story towers were finished in 1971. One was demolished in 2019 to make way for a new residential development.</p><br>
<p>One Landmark Square -- 22-story building completed in 1973 was the tallest building between New York and Boston from 1973 to 2008.</p><br>
<p>-- Looking like an upside-down ziggurat above its three-story parking garage, the building has an enclosed arboretum rising from the ninth floor to the penthouse roof, which is covered by 76 acrylic glass domes. The 13-floor structure is 196 feet high and was completed in 1973 as the world headquarters for GTE Corporation. In the 1990s, the Tresser Boulevard entrance to the building was changed (in a design by Hellmuth, Obata & Kassabaum) from a "formidably stark concrete wall of a parking garage" to "a more inviting entrance... clad in blue-gray ceramic tiles, with a lobby, canopy, colonnade and small garden". Currently, the building is the headquarters of Purdue Pharma and Aircastle Limited.</p><br>
<p>-- The 16 floor, 305-room hotel was completed in 1976 and was the largest hotel in Connecticut at the time. The hotel was expanded to 505 rooms in 1986.</p><br>
<h3>Other buildings</h3><br>
<p>One Atlantic Street -- Art Deco interiors, with murals in the ground-floor bank, and Art Deco exterior details as well. The red-brick/white marble building at the corner of Broad and Atlantic streets was finished in 1931 and for a long time was the tallest in Stamford.</p><br>
<p>University of Connecticut Campus -- The 225,000 ft&sup2; building with the vast, green glass facade at the corner of Washington and Broad streets was designed by Perkins Eastman.</p><br>
<p>Old Town Hall &mdash; The Beaux Arts building was built from 1905 to 1907 and served as the seat of local government until the early 1960s. The building opened for business on March 20, 1907. The last mayor to work there was J. Walter Kennedy, who moved to the Municipal Office Building that was on Atlantic Street (now torn down) in about 1961. The Old Town Hall held offices for the city government until all city offices were moved to 888 Washington Blvd. in 1987.</p><br>
<p>The "Fish Church", or the of Stamford, was designed by Wallace K. Harrison, the chief architect of the United Nations buildings in New York City, and opened in 1958. The fish shape is obvious to anyone who drives by, but the floor plan is also fish-shaped. The stained glass windows in the sanctuary contain more than 20,000 pieces of faceted glass. They depict the story of the Crucifixion and the Resurrection. The 32 ft-high cross is faced with wood from Canterbury Cathedral. "Brilliant blues, reds and yellows make up the walls -- and seem to fill the air. It really is like being inside a jewel, says Reverend David R. Van Dyke, a co-pastor. When I bring people who havent been here before, theres an audible gasp." (Life magazine, April 14, 2005) In March 1958, the $1.5 million church was dedicated with capacity crowds filling it for three services.</p><br>
<p>Gurley Building (1924), also known as Valeur Building, an eight-story tall, narrow building at northwest corner of Main St. and Atlantic St. intersection (see ). "Sullivanesque&quot designed by Edward B. Stratton and built by Clinton Cruikshank.</p><br>
<p>133 Atlantic Street (c.1861, remodelled in 1935)</p><br>
<p>Fidelity Title and Trust Company, 129 Atlantic Street. Built by Clinton Cruikshank.</p><br>
<p>119 Atlantic Street (1926), four-story, masonry</p><br>
<p>Weed&#39;s Hall (1886), 109 Atlantic Street. Narrow five-story building, the only Stamford building with a cast iron facade.</p><br>
<p>Ferguson Library (1910), two-story Georgian Revival brick building. Designed by Egerton Swartwout. It had an addition built in 1931, to the rear, which was replaced and further enlarged in 1981.</p><br>
<p>15 Bedford Street (1932), Art Deco two-story commercial building. (see ).</p><br>
<p>Library Apartments, 65 Bedford Street (1930), three-story; second story "displays window spandrels with triglyph fluting". (see )</p><br>
<h2>Entertainment</h2><br>
<p>Most of Stamford&#39;s larger entertainment venues are located in the Downtown. These include the Palace Theatre, Rich Forum, and other movie theaters. The area around Columbus Park and Bedford Street has become a center for bars, clubs, and restaurants, although all three can be found elsewhere Downtown and around the city.</p><br>
<h2>Events</h2><br>
<p>The Stamford Downtown Special Services District, known as Stamford Downtown, hosts yearlong events including a tour of a world-class sculpture exhibit, "Alive@Five" and "Wednesday Nite Live" outdoor concerts in Columbus Park, Arts & Crafts on Bedford Street and a giant helium balloon parade that marches through downtown which bring thousands of people into the downtown.</p><br>
<h2>Police and fire services</h2><br>
<p>The main police station is located in the heart of Downtown, at 805 Bedford Street. A substation is located on Atlantic Street.</p><br>
<p>The Stamford Fire Rescue Departments Fire Stations # 1 and 5 serve the neighborhood. Fire Headquarters, or Fire Station # 1 is located on Main Street, in the heart of Downtown, while Fire Station # 5 is located on Washington Boulevard, in the Woodside neighborhood, just north of Downtown.</p><br>
<h2>Filming locations</h2><br>
<p>Almost all of Elia Kazans 1947 film, Boomerang, was shot in Stamford and most of that in the downtown area. The Old Town Hall was used, particularly the old Police Department offices and the stairway leading up from them to the courtroom. For a scene in which a pastor was killed, the movie used the front and sidewalk of the Plaza Theatre, which stood on Greyrock Place (a driveway leading into the Stamford Town Center Mall is at that location now). The former offices of The Advocate, on Atlantic Street, were also used. "t wasnt an oddity to run into Dana Andrews, one of the stars of the movie, in a local restaurant, or to see other stars on the street," according to Don Russell, a columnist for The Advocate.</p><br>
<p>Part of Otto Preminger&#39;s 1963 film, The Cardinal, was shot in St. John the Evangelist Roman Catholic Church on Atlantic Street. Some people stood for hours on the east side of Atlantic Street (across the street from the church) to get a glimpse of the stars.</p><br>
<p>Cascades Park is a 24 acre park along the stream known as the St. Augustine Branch in Tallahassee, Florida, United States, south of the Florida State Capitol. It is a Nationally Registered Historic Place because it influenced the territorial governments choice of the capital citys location. It also contains Florida&#39;s Prime meridian marker monument which is the foundation point for most land mapping throughout Florida.</p><br>
<p>The park as conceived in 1971 had a stream and shallow waterfalls but it closed because of soil contamination and toxic waste left buried by the gasification plant that once occupied the site. It was cleaned up with Department of Environmental Protection funding in 2006 and construction on the new park was initiated in 2010 using money from the penny sales tax. The newly designed Cascades Park opened in 2014. Features of the new park include the Capital City Amphitheater, a fountain with light, music, splash pads, and ponds, and boulder climbing, beachscape and outdoor classroom area known as Discovery at Cascade Park that was privately funded.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1821, Spain ceded Florida to the United States. A territorial government was established, but the two largest cities, Pensacola and St. Augustine, were too far west and east, respectively, for either to make a good permanent capital. Territorial governor William Pope Duval appointed two commissioners, one from Pensacola and one from St. Augustine, to choose a location roughly halfway between them to build the new capital. When they saw a beautiful waterfall in what is now Cascades Park, they chose a nearby hill as the location for the future city of Tallahassee.</p><br>
<p>John Lee Williams, the commissioner from Pensacola, wrote of the waterfall:</p><br>
<p>The Florida State Capitol stands approximately a quarter mile northwest of where the waterfall and sinkhole were located. The area was used as a meeting place in the earlier portion of the 19th century for hunters and travelers. During the early 20th century, it was home to Centennial Field, formerly used to play minor league baseball and football, as well as a Korean War memorial. In 1971, Governor Reubin Askew and the Florida Cabinet recognized the park&#39;s significance in a resolution.</p><br>
<h2>Contamination</h2><br>
<p>The city operated a manufactured gas plant in the southwest of the park from 1895 to the late 1950s, when they switched to natural gas and propane. As part of its normal operation, the MGP produced coal tar which was not valuable enough to be sold or reused, so it was simply discarded. Potentially harmful components of this coal tar, in particular polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes), have been detected in the soil and groundwater. A downward hydraulic gradient prevented the contaminants from spreading, but at the site itself, there was "a current or potential threat to public health and the environment".</p><br>
<p>In addition, a landfill on the southern edge of the park was used to dispose of municipal solid waste. The landfill was originally intended for biodegradable lawn waste such as tree limbs, but later it was reportedly used for other trash including construction and automobile waste and ash from the city incinerator on the east side of the park.</p><br>
<h2>Remediation project</h2><br>
<p>In September 2005, the city made an agreement with WRS Infrastructure & Environment to clean up the site for $7.8 million. The plan was to excavate over 70,000 tons of contaminated soil and transport it to an EPA-approved landfill in Valdosta, Georgia, to remove three inches (76 mm) of sediment from 950 ft of the stream and install a protective liner, and to place a clay cap over 5,750 square yards of the landfill.</p><br>
<p>The project was completed in 2014. The park now includes an outdoor amphitheater, biking and walking trails, and historical monuments. A privately funded childrens play area contains an outdoor classroom. Other features of the park are an interactive fountain, a waterfall, and several ponds, masking the parks other function, to serve as drainage for storm water, intended to reduce local flooding.</p><br>
<p>Scott Field Historic District began as a World War I era air base built in 1917 near O&#39;Fallon, Illinois, and was expanded and rebuilt before World War II. The district contains primarily that portion of the base built prior to 1941, and is now contained within the renamed, expanded, and operational Scott Air Force Base. The district boundaries include 107 contributing buildings and structures, and exclude post-1945 buildings built in the areas surrounding the 1917 Main Base area.</p><br>
<p>Scott Field was named after Corporal Frank S. Scott, the first enlisted member of the United States Armed Forces to die in an aircraft accident.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>Idlewild is an unincorporated community in Yates Township, located just east of Baldwin in southeast Lake County, a rural part of northwestern lower Michigan. During the first half of the 20th century, it was one of the few resorts in the country where African-Americans were allowed to vacation and purchase property, before discrimination was outlawed through the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The surrounding area is within Manistee National Forest. The community encompasses Lake Idlewild, and the headwaters of the Pere Marquette River extends throughout the region.</p><br>
<p>Called the "Black Eden of Michigan", from 1912 through the mid-1960s, Idlewild was an active year-round community and was visited by well-known entertainers and professionals from throughout the country. At its peak, it was one of the most popular resorts in the Midwest and as many as 25,000 would come to Idlewild in the height of the summer season to enjoy camping, swimming, boating, fishing, hunting, horseback riding, roller skating, and night-time entertainment. When the 1964 Civil Rights Act opened up other resorts in many states to African-Americans, Idlewild&#39;s boomtown period subsided.</p><br>
<p>Though not quite a "ghost town" as claimed in the book Ghost Towns of Michigan, Chapter 7, the population was under 1,000 in 2019, and numerous buildings were vacant. The Idlewild African American Chamber of Commerce, founded in 2000 by John O. Meeks, continues to promote existing local businesses and seeking new ones. It is also striving to attract more visitors to the area, with events and other strategies, in hopes of resuscitating the once lively town.</p><br>
<h2>Establishment (1912–1920s)</h2><br>
<p>Idlewild was founded in 1912. During this period, a small yet clearly distinguishable African American middle class – largely composed of professionals and small business owners – had been established in many urban centers, including several in the American Midwest. Despite having the financial means for leisure travel, racial segregation prevented them from recreational pursuits in most resort destinations in the region.</p><br>
<p>Seeing an opportunity, four white land developers and their wives organized the Idlewild Resort Company (IRC). Erastus and Flora Branch, Adelbert and Isabelle Branch (from nearby White Cloud, Michigan), Wilbur M. and Mayme Lemon, and A.E. and Modolin Wright (of Chicago), organized IRC during the pre-World War I era. To secure land rights, Erastus Branch built a cabin, homesteaded the land for three years, and eventually obtained the title to the land through his Branch, Anderson & Tyrrell Real Estate Company, which became the central focus of the resort community.</p><br>
<p>One folk saying suggests that the community&#39;s name refers to "idle men and wild women". Current residents embrace this version of the story by selling playful T-shirts with this phrase at the annual Idlewilders summer festivals.</p><br>
<p>IRC organized excursions to attract middle class African American professionals from Detroit, Chicago, and other Midwestern cities, taking them on tours of the rustic community, and selling lots. Their ads in major news media offered lots at $1 down and $1 per month, and cited the hunting, fishing, boating and horseback riding opportunities. A 1919 pamphlet used by IRC to promote the community, entitled "Beautiful Idlewild", describes it as "the hunter&#39;s paradise" renowned "for its beautiful lakes of pure spring water" and "its myriads of game fish". Promoters of the area also emphasized the lack of prejudice and the freedom of movement for blacks "without ostracism and hatred", in a town where they could truly feel like "American citizens".</p><br>
<p>One prominent personality to relocate to Idlewild was Dr. Daniel Hale Williams, who in 1893 was the first surgeon in the United States to perform open-heart surgery. Williams, Herman O. and Lela G. Wilson of Chicago, three of Williams associates from Chicago and Cleveland, and twenty others were among the first group of African American professionals to join IRCs excursion. Later, tours were conducted by train from Chicago, Indiana, Detroit, Grand Rapids, St. Louis, and other cities.</p><br>
<p>IRC had acquired over 2,700 acre of land. The company sold a good deal of that land, and then turned the island in Idlewild Lake over to Williams and Louis B. Anderson of Chicago, and Robert Riffe and William Green of Cleveland, who collaboratively formed the Idlewild Improvement Association (IIA) and helped build the clubhouse. IIA sold property to such notables as NAACP co-founder W.E.B. Du Bois, cosmetic entrepreneur Madam C.J. Walker, Fisk University president Lemuel L. Foster, Albert B. Cleage Sr. of Detroit, Fannie Emanuel of Chicago, and novelist Charles W. Chesnutt.</p><br>
<p>IIA was also responsible for recruiting other middle-class professionals, such as NAACP field secretary William Pickens, H. Franklin and Virginia Bray (a missionary and his wife who together founded the first formal church in Idlewild), and the Reverend Robert L. Bradby, Sr. of Second Baptist Church of Detroit (who contributed to the development of the Idlewild Lot Owners Association). IIA encouraged this new influx of community leaders to foster racial pride, economic development, decency, and respect to Idlewild.</p><br>
<p>The annual Idlewild Chautauqua was organized by Baptist Minister Reverend Robert L. Bradby in the 1920s and 1930s. These week-long events added an intellectual flavor to the recreational life in the community, attracted people from across the country, and were praised by Michigan Republican Governor Fred W. Green.</p><br>
<h2>The height of popularity (1920s–1964)</h2><br>
<p>After segregation and enforced segregation of Jim Crow laws made it nearly impossible for African Americans to thrive in American society, many searched for a safe haven. Idlewild became a place where one could be within miles of prominent cities such as Chicago and Detroit, while remaining concealed within the surrounding woods of the newfound African American community. As this new black intelligentsia began to settle in the community, some relocated as activists and members of Marcus Garveys Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), some as followers of Du Bois National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), others as believers of the late Booker T. Washington&#39;s political machine, and others as potential investors. For the majority of these professionals who brought their families, the idea of land ownership conveyed black social status and membership in this community, something that enforced segregation had prevented African Americans from obtaining beyond the community of Idlewild. Eventually, Idlewild would become known as the "Black Eden of Michigan".</p><br>
<p>Idlewild gained national stature among African Americans during the period between the World Wars. For example, the Idlewild Land Owners Association had members from over thirty-four states in the country. In addition, the Purple Palace, the Flamingo, the Paradise Club, Idlewild Club, Rosanna Tavern, and Pearl&#39;s Bar provided summer entertainment for tourists and employment opportunities for seasonal and year-round residents in the community. The Pere Marquette Railroad built a branch line to the area by 1923, a post office opened that same year, and the Idlewild Fire Department was established soon after. Following the flow of these significant establishments, a host of new entrepreneurs began entering the community. With new establishments on the rise, and the growing population of people, Idlewild began to mirror the appearance of a prominent American society. By the mid-1920s, over 6,000 people had purchased some 17,000 lots in the area.</p><br>
<p>The Pere Marquette Railway ran the Resort Special with sleeping cars from Chicago and Detroit via Grand Rapids from June to September, stopping in Baldwin five miles to the west. The Pere Marquette Railway ran trains west from Idlewilds station to Baldwin, then Ludington; and trains went east to Saginaw. At Saginaw the trains were timed to meet with separate Bay City-originating trains to Detroit. The PMs successor, the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway ended the Ludington to Saginaw trains through Idlewild in the latter months of 1949.</p><br>
<p>Following World War II, Idlewild attracted what some sociologists have labeled the new African American "working" middle class. With the construction of a few paved roads in Idlewild, a reinvestment in the township&#39;s only post office, and greater availability of electricity, a new generation of entrepreneurs began to invest in Idlewild. Phil Giles, Arthur "Big Daddy" Braggs, William N. "Sunnie" Wilson, and a host of other African American businessmen and women took advantage of the market by purchasing property on Williams Island and Paradise Gardens, and began developing these areas into an elaborate nightspot and business center. (According to one reliable source, Braggs financed his Idlewood business with revenues from illegal activities.)</p><br>
<p>In 1952, the was founded by Sunnie Wilson and other prominent Detroiters who spent their summers in Idlewild. The founding purpose of the group was to aid in support of charitable and civic endeavors and promote social entertainment and recreation in Idlewild.</p><br>
<p>The cottage started by Albert Cleage in the 1940s was expanded by his sons Louis, Hugh, and Henry.</p><br>
<p>In a 2017 interview, local businessman John O. Meeks recalled the past. "At its high point, between the 40s and early 60s, nearly 30,000 folks would descend on here in the summer. Hundreds of black-owned businesses thrived. This place was hopping... We had a roller-skating rink for the kids, our own fire department and a post office". Other sources indicate 25,000 visitors as a more common number during peak times in summer.</p><br>
<p>Many African American entertainers of the period performed in Idlewild, particularly at the Paradise Club managed by Arthur Braggs. (The Flamingo Club, managed by Phil Giles, had lesser-known entertainers, although LaVern Baker and Detroit&#39;s "Queen of the Blues", Alberta Adams, did perform there.) The list included Della Reese, Al Hibbler, Bill Doggett, Jackie Wilson, T-Bone Walker, George Kirby, The Four Tops, Roy Hamilton, Brook Benton, Choker Campbell, Lottie "the Body" Graves, the Rhythm Kings, Sarah Vaughan, Cab Calloway, Louis Armstrong, Dinah Washington, B.B. King, Aretha Franklin, Fats Waller, and Billy Eckstein. Many other performers entertained both Idlewilders and white citizens in neighboring Lake County townships throughout the 1950s and early 1960s. Arthur Braggs produced singers, dancers, showgirls, and entertainers who performed in the Fiesta Room at the Paradise Club from May to September, starting in summer 1950, helping Idlewild become the "Summer Apollo of Michigan". Not all club patrons were black, as one resident recalled. On some nights, "there were more white people in there than blacks. It wasn’t about race, it was about fun".</p><br>
<p>The Paradise Club showgirls and chorus girls, with guest entertainers, performed not only in Idlewild but also on the road in the off-season as the Arthur Braggs Idlewild Revue. The appeared in cities such as Montreal, Toronto, Boston, Kansas City, Chicago and to New York; in Manhattan, the group performed at the Apollo Theater. Braggs&#39; show helped Idlewild become a major entertainment center and contributed to the financial prosperity of the area.</p><br>
<p>Some of the amenities in Idlewood were advertised in The Negro Motorist Green Book.</p><br>
<h2>Decline and redevelopment efforts (1964–present)</h2><br>
<p>Following the enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, business in Idlewild declined. Other vacation resorts were beginning to accommodate African-American visitors, and with federal law requiring that they be accepted anywhere, African Americans began taking advantage of this opportunity. Many went to the Florida beaches and Las Vegas casinos, for example, reducing the number arriving at Idlewild. According to National Public Radio, "it was integration that killed Idlewild. Blacks no longer had to remain invisible".</p><br>
<p>In 1966 Idlewild lost its last nearby train access in Baldwin when the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway terminated service on its Grand Rapids-Traverse City route (shortened from its Petoskey terminus), with a timed transfer in Grand Rapids to Chicago-bound trains.</p><br>
<p>The national recession in the early 1970s further contributed to an economic downturn in Idlewild, which led to a population decline as local employment options dwindled. Idlewild became a lesser-known family vacation and retirement community, primarily attracting retirees who remembered it from its boom period.</p><br>
<p>In the 1970s township officials organized a planning commission, zoning board, and other initiatives as a way to encourage community input and to offer specific practical solutions to improve the community. Community Development Block Grants (CDBG) were obtained for demolition, additional roadwork, and other structural changes, which resulted in a complete makeover of the island, renamed "Williams Island" in honor of early community leader Dr. Daniel Hale Williams. In the 1990s, with federal and state funding scarce, attention was turned away from building projects toward the renovation of existing township properties. The federal government designated Lake County as an "Enterprising Community", which facilitated the development of sewer and natural gas systems. Businessman John O. Meeks purchased and renovated the Morton Motel, and founded organizations to develop and promote the community, including Mid-Michigan Idlewilders and the Idlewild African American Chamber of Commerce. Nonetheless, by 1998, the economy was in a "dismal state" according to a reliable source, with many residents on welfare. By that time, the Paradise Club had been torn down and the Flamingo had been closed down.</p><br>
<p>The state of Michigan invested funds for a 10-year strategic plan for Idlewild completed in 2013 as the Tourism Development Strategy For Idlewild, Michigan.</p><br>
<p>The Idlewild Historic and Cultural Center was open Saturdays in 2019 and offered a self-guided driving tour of the community with stops including the remains of the Flamingo Club, the Paradise Club, and some of the previous homes of prominent individuals. The National Idlewilders Club continues to organize annual events. The Idlewild Historic & Cultural Center displays memorabilia and photographs of the town&#39;s most active years.</p><br>
<p>In a 2017 interview with New York Post, Idlewild booster John O. Meeks described the community as follows. "We have three motels here now. There used to be 35. We have one restaurant. There used to be 25. I don’t expect it to be what it once was, but I do believe it deserves a future." Journalist Salena Zito added that "Idlewild is not a complete ghost town. Its pristine lakes remain home to a couple of hundred people — mostly those left over from its heyday — and a few newcomers such as township supervisor Carrington-Atkins, who recently bought the perfectly preserved home of famed black author Charles Waddell Chesnutt. And yet, many of its houses are empty, its storefronts fallen victim to nature".</p><br>
<p>In February 2019, East Lansing radio station WFMK described Idlewild as a ghost town "due to the vacated neighborhoods: block-after-block of deserted homes and yards. Many whole blocks are completely deserted & vacant except for the crumbling shacks that were once homes", confirmed by a series of photos. Nonetheless, a series of events was planned for 2019, such as The 5th Annual Idlewild Education, Empowerment and Music Festival weekend (July 13–14), with guests including an original Braggs Fiesta Doll Dancer, Carlean Gill.</p><br>
<p>A 2011 Black Past article summarized the town&#39;s legacy as follows: "Despite this decline, Idlewild symbolized the heyday of the combination of race, leisure, and geography to create a briefly prosperous community through niche tourism".</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>This climatic region has large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Idlewild has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>All of Yates Township, including Idlewild, is in the Baldwin Community Schools school district.</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>The Detroit Building is a high-rise office building located at 2210 Park Avenue, in Downtown Detroit, Michigan.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The building was constructed in 1923, and stands at 10 floors in height. It was designed in the Beaux-Arts architectural style.</p><br>
<p>Architects: Arnold & Shreve</p><br>
<p>The building was named originally named the Detroit Life Insurance Company Building after the building&#39;s main tenant, which occupied the top four floors.</p><br>
<p>This building became part of the Park Avenue Historic District in 1997.</p><br>
<p>The building is to be renovated as part of the new hockey arena district announced in 2013.</p><br>
<p>The Lawyers Building is an office building located at 137 Cadillac Square in downtown Detroit, Michigan. It was also known as the American Title Building. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Lawyers Building was built in 1922, the first building erected by John J. Barlum and his family in their rebuilding of the Cadillac Square area. The building originally catered to middle class level tenants, including many unions and benevolent organizations.</p><br>
<p>It later was renamed the American Title Building, and the upper floors were closed in the 1980s. Renovation of the building began in 2017, and a new hotel opened in the building in 2019.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Lawyers Building was designed in the Chicago School architectural style, and is constructed of reinforced concrete and steel faced with terra cotta. It stands at 10 floors in height, featuring regular bays with grouped wood casement windows with metal spandrel panels. It is currently the finest nearly unaltered Chicago-style highrise in Detroit; the only change made to the building is the modern marble ground-level storefront.</p><br>
<p>The building is located east of the larger New Cadillac Square Apartments and Cadillac Tower (both also built by Barlum), and west of Wayne County Building, at the corner of Cadillac Square, and Randolph Avenue. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Charlevoix Building, also known as Hotel Charlevoix, was a highrise building in Downtown Detroit. It was erected in 1905 and designed by local architect William S. Joy. The building was originally built as a speculative office building, converted into a hotel in 1912, then back into an office building again in 1922, although there is evidence that it was occasionally a mix of both.</p><br>
<p>The building closed sometime in the 1980s after being purchased by Ralph Sachs. It remained closed and was later added to the Park Avenue Historic District. Despite being the oldest hotel in Detroit at the time, it was demolished in 2013 for neglect. A parking lot currently sits on this site.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Hotel Charlevoix was erected in 1905 and designed by architect William S. Joy. It was originally designed in the Beaux-Arts style with a light bay in the center, giving the appearance that the building was divided in two. The Building was originally built as an office building, converted into a hotel in 1912, then back into an office building again in 1922. There is evidence that it was at one point a mix of both. It was a cheaper alternative to others in the area by Lew Tuller. The details were removed in 1953, leaving it bare. The building closed sometime in the 1980s after being purchased by Ralph Sachs.</p><br>
<h2>Demolition</h2><br>
<p>The moment Sachs had been waiting for finally came in March 2012 when several bricks fell from the front facade of the Charlevoix, hitting a parked car below and Sachs requested demolition.</p><br>
<p>On June 13, 2012, the City Historic District Commission held a hearing on the proposed demolition of the Charlevoix. Because the building was in the Park Avenue Historic District, the commission would need to approve the demolition. Sachs was not at the hearing, but his representatives urged the commission to allow for the building to come down, citing the falling bricks; the fact that the building is a frequent target of squatters and urban explorers; the building lacks any historical details; and that Sachs had been unable to find a developer or buyer for the building. They also said that Sachs didn&#39;t have the financial means to rehab, secure, or demolish the building himself.</p><br>
<p>Sachs representatives did not prove that he couldnt afford to pay for demolition or mothballing the building, nor that the building was in imminent danger of collapse, prompting the HDC to deny permission to demolish the building. Sachs was given fifteen days to submit a plan for the structure. It was unclear what would happen if Sachs did not comply.</p><br>
<p>On June 23, 2013, workers took down the Charlevoix in one quick demolition. After cutting the steel I-beams supporting the old hotel, cables were used to bring the building down upon itself.</p><br>
<p>St. John&#39;s Evangelical Lutheran Church is a Gothic Revival-styled church built in 1889 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin by a congregation with German roots. In 1992, the church and associated buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is also designated a Milwaukee Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St. Johns congregation was founded December 4, 1848, by German immigrants, who called themselves Evangelische Luth. St. Johanneskirche. In 1850, they moved into the former Trinity Episcopal Church at the corner of Fourth and Highland Avenue. Members of the church, along with neighboring Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church and Grace Lutheran, helped seed other Lutheran churches in the area, including St. Peters. In the 1850s there were discussions to merge St. Johns and Trinity, but theological differences prevented the merger. In 1857, St. Johns joined the Wisconsin Synod. St. Johanneskirche grew for years, building schools in 1871 and 1877. By 1889, the congregation exceeded 2,500 members, and it was time for a new, larger building.</p><br>
<p>St. Johns hired Herman Paul Schnetzky, himself a German immigrant from Wriezen, to design the new church. He and his understudy Eugene R. Liebert designed it in a High Victorian Gothic style similar to what was popular in Germany at the time, perhaps taking cues from the tower of St. Peters Church in Leipzig. It was built in 1889-90 by Johann Langenberger. As with the Trinity Church building, it features landmark spires of unequal height, one 127 ft and the other 197 ft. The taller steeple houses three bells, weighing more than 6 ST. The main block of the church is gable-roofed with cream brick walls pierced by tall Gothic-arched windows. Inside, the auditorium is 2.5 stories tall, seating 1100, with a center-aisle layout and the apse at the north end, with an elaborate carved reredos and an elevated pulpit. The NRHP nomination considers St. Johns to be important as an illustration of how Milwaukees German-American architects were influenced by German architecture of the same period. The church is considered to be one of the finest examples of German Lutheran church architecture in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Also in 1889, the congregation built a parsonage designed by Schnetzky. The parsonage is two stories, cream brick, in rather simple Queen Anne architectural style. The caretaker&#39;s house was built in 1914, a side-gabled bungalow with stuccoed walls.</p><br>
<p>St. John&#39;s conducted services solely in German until 1908. In that year services in English were added. The German services continued until 1985.</p><br>
<p>Since its founding, St. John&#39;s has been the site of a number historical events including the founding of the Evangelical Lutheran Synodical Conference of North America in 1872. It has also hosted numerous Milwaukee and synod church events including the 2016 and 2019 Reformation Rally for the Urban Conference of Wisconsin Synod Churches in Milwaukee.</p><br>
<p>In 2015, the former caretakers cottage underwent a restoration and now serves as the congregations fellowship center. The church&#39;s organ was first built by Carl Barckhoff in 1890, and was rebuilt and enlarged by Wangerin-Weickhardt in 1919. Organ builder J. J. Miller, a member of the congregation has been actively working to restore and repair the organ.</p><br>
<p>The congregation has been served by vacancy pastors since 2019, but is actively calling a full time pastor.</p><br>
<h2>Photographs</h2><br>
<p>The Marquette Building is a historic building located in downtown Detroit, Michigan. It was built in 1905, and stands at 243 West Congress Street. 211 West Fort Street lies to the north, TCF Center to the west, Fort Pontchartrain a Wyndham Hotel to the south, and Fort Shelby Hotel to the east. The building was for a time owned by Mexican billionaire, Carlos Slim.</p><br>
<p>The high-rise stands at 10 stories in height, and is used for retail, offices, and a restaurant. It was designed in the Chicago School architectural style, and is mainly made of brick.</p><br>
<p>This building formerly contained the Office of the Michigan Secretary of State on its ground floor. 400 Monroe Associates saved this building from demolition in 1979, completing a careful historic preservation redevelopment in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Adient Plc announced on Wednesday, November 30, 2016, it had acquired the building to house the headquarters of its global seating business.</p><br>
<p>Those plans have been cancelled as of June, 2018.</p><br>
<p>The building is now owned by Detroit-based real estate company Sterling Group which plans on leasing the space.</p><br>
<p>The Albert, formerly the Griswold Building, is a former office building named after architect Albert Kahn, located at 1214 Griswold Street in Downtown Detroit, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 and is part of the Capitol Park Historic District. In 2014, it was renovated into apartments.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Griswold Building was built in 1929 as an office building, on the former site of the Miles Theatre, and was later converted to residential use in the 1980s as senior apartment building.</p><br>
<p>The Albert was renovated as of fall 2014. The renovation converted the buildings HUD Section-8 senior housing to 127 market-rate apartments, with 14,000 square feet of retail space on the buildings first floor.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Albert stands 12 floors in height, with 127 units/rooms. The high-rise was designed by Albert Kahn in the Art Moderne architectural style, and is significant as an example of the architect&#39;s transition from Art Deco to Art Moderne. The façade is divided into two sections: a lower, three-story portion faced with limestone and divided into nine bays, and an upper, nine-story portion constructed of brick with five center bays set back from the main façade.</p><br>
<p>The Merchants Building is a commercial building located at 206 East Grand River Avenue  in Downtown Detroit. It is also known as the Broadway Merchants Building. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Merchants Building was designed by Bonnah & Chaffee in 1922 for John Barlum (who also constructed the Barlum Tower). Throughout its history, the building has housed many business, including at least three furriers, Midwest Woolen Co., Kroger Grocery & Bakery, NY Life Insurance Co., a jeweler and shoe repair shop. The lowrise building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 25, 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Merchants Building stands at 8 floors in height. It is built from steel and reinforced concrete, and wrapped with terra cotta. The façade is divided vertically into three sections: the bottom two stories are the storefront area, the middle five floors are divided by metal spandrel panels with raised panels, and the top floor windows are divided by terra cotta shields.</p><br>
<p>The Carrollton Covered Bridge, in Barbour County, West Virginia, USA, is the second longest and third oldest surviving covered bridge in the state. The wooden bridge spans the Buckhannon River near Carrollton and was built in 1856 by Emmet J. OBrien and Daniel OBrien. It carried the Middle Fork Turnpike, an important connecting road between the Staunton and Parkersburg Turnpike and a road to Clarksburg. The bridge carries West Virginia Route 36.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Carrollton bridge is 140 ft long and 16 ft wide, with Burr trusses using multiple Kingpost trusses for a clear span, the second longest among West Virginia&#39;s surviving covered bridges. After the bridge was declared unsafe in 1962, the wood decking was replaced by a concrete deck, one lane wide with a sidewalk, supported by concrete piers and abutments, no longer a clear span.</p><br>
<h2>Historic designation and fire</h2><br>
<p>The bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 4, 1981.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was heavily damaged in a fire, determined to have been arson, on August 10, 2017. The bridge was restored using a mixture of salvaged and new timber by West Virginia Division of Highways crews in 2022.</p><br>
<p>The General Wayne Inn is a former tavern and, since 2005, an Orthodox Jewish synagogue located at 625 Montgomery Avenue, in Merion Station, Pennsylvania, in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Tavern history</h2><br>
<p>The building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. Established as a tavern in 1704, it was previously named the William Penn Inn, Wayside Inn, Tunis Ordinary, and Streepers Tavern before being renamed in 1793 in honor of American Revolutionary War hero General "Mad" Anthony Wayne, who had once stayed there. The Inn gained fame for rumors of being "haunted" and was later featured on Unsolved Mysteries.</p><br>
<h3>Murder and suicide</h3><br>
<p>Executive chef James Edwin “Jim” Webb and his business partner Guy Angelo Sileo, Jr. bought the General Wayne in 1995. Webb was found murdered there in his office on December 27, 1996. Felicia Moyse, a 20-year-old assistant chef at the inn and Sileo&#39;s girlfriend, committed suicide on February 22, 1997.</p><br>
<p>Moyse had been an alibi witness for Sileo. On the night of the murder, she and Sileo left the General Wayne at the same time, driving to dinner in their separate vehicles. Sileo doubled back, killed Webb using a gun later linked to him by forensic evidence, then rushed to arrive at dinner before Moyse.</p><br>
<p>Police believe that Moyse realized her boyfriend had set her up as his alibi and was unable to live with it.</p><br>
<p>Police proved that Sileo had killed Webb in order to receive the $650,000 life insurance money from their partnership policies, before Webb could end their partnership and shut down the General Wayne. Sileo was convicted in 2001 and sentenced to life in prison.</p><br>
<h3>Famous people</h3><br>
<p>Famous people who visited the inn include:</p><br>
<p>Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette</p><br>
<p>Julius Erving</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Franklin</p><br>
<p>Dylan Gelula</p><br>
<p>William Penn</p><br>
<p>Edgar Allan Poe</p><br>
<p>George Washington</p><br>
<p>Anthony Wayne</p><br>
<h2>Synagogue</h2><br>
<p>In 2005, the building was purchased and renovated as Chabad of the Main Line, an Orthodox Jewish congregation that practices in the Chabad-Lubavitch rite. Located on the Philadelphia Main Line, the congregation converted the former tavern into a synagogue and community center.</p><br>
<p>The Dobbin House Tavern, known also as Dobbin House, on 89 Steinwehr Avenue in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania is a tavern which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>It was established in 1776, making it the oldest standing structure in the town limits of Gettysburg. It was built to be a home for Reverend Alexander Dobbin and his family. The building may have been a first stop on the Underground Railroad north of the Mason–Dixon line, although this has not been substantiated. During and after the Battle of Gettysburg, the house served as a temporary field hospital.</p><br>
<p>During the latter half of the 20th century, the Dobbin House was home to a large Civil War diorama and a gift center catering to battlefield tourists. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>Today, the house is a popular tavern and restaurant.</p><br>
<p>The Kyoto Gardens of Honolulu Memorial Park is a cemetery located in the eastern half of the Honolulu Memorial Park, 22 Craigside Place, Honolulu, Hawaii. Its three-tiered Sanju Pagoda, the Kinkaku-ji Temple, and Mirror Gardens are fine examples of Japanese traditional-style structures and gardens built outside Japan. The gardens were listed in the National Register of Historic Places as site 04000020 on February 11, 2004.</p><br>
<p>Honolulu Memorial Park was established in 1958, and its Buddhist Kinkaku-ji memorial and Sanju Pagoda were constructed between 1964 and 1966 as part of the Nuuanu Memorial Gardens Funerary Home, adjacent to history Oahu Cemetery. This name was changed to Kyoto Gardens in 1966 when the City of Kyoto, Japan, donated a bronze bell, with Abbot Jikai Murakami of Kyoto&#39;s Kinkaku-ji present for the opening.</p><br>
<p>The Sanju Pagoda is modeled after the Hokke-ji Temple (Kanji: 南法華寺) in Nara, Japan which was built in the Momoyama period (1571–1602). The garden replica is built of concrete and steel, and somewhat larger than the original with a height from foundation to rooftop of 80 feet. Including the ku-rin copper spire, its total height is 116 feet.</p><br>
<p>The Kinkaku-ji (Kanji: 金閣寺) columbarium is modeled upon the renowned Kinkaku-ji (Golden Pavilion) located on the grounds of the Rokuonji Temple in Kyoto, built in the Muromachi period (1335–1573). It is three stories tall (38 feet), constructed with steel frame and plaster finish, and with a phoenix finial at its roof peak.</p><br>
<p>Mirror Lake Garden, surrounding Kinkaku-ji, also reflects Muromachi period (1335–1573) garden design.</p><br>
<p>Both the Sanju Pagoda and Kinkaku-ji serve as columbariums. As of 2006 they were in poor repair, due to the cemetery&#39;s financial difficulties.</p><br>
<p>The National Brewing Company was an American brewing company that was founded in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1885. Its Baltimore brewery was located in the city&#39;s Highlandtown neighborhood. After World War II, it grew to be the largest brewer in Baltimore history and its advertising, including one-eyed mascot "Mr. Boh" and its slogan "From the Land of Pleasant Living", became part of the folk culture of the Baltimore area.</p><br>
<p>In 1975, the National Brewing Company was acquired by the Carling Brewing Company. National&#39;s Highlandtown brewery was operated until 1978, when it was closed and production moved to a brewery in nearby Halethorpe, Baltimore County that had been built by Carling in 1961. The National Brewing Company brands continued to be brewed at the Halethorpe plant until it closed in 1996. Since 2000, the company’s two most prominent brands, National Bohemian Beer and Colt 45, have been brewed for Pabst Brewing Company at several plants.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early history</h3><br>
<p>The National Brewing Company plant was located between Dillon, Conkling and ODonnell Streets in the Baltimores Highlandtown neighborhood. The site was first used in beer production in the 1850s, when brewer John Baier rented land at ODonnell and Conklin Streets into which beer storage cellars were dug. After Baiers death in 1866, his widow Anna Maria Baier continued to operate his brewery, which was located on Canton Avenue. Anna later married Frederick Wunder and by 1872 they had built a brewery, known as Wunder&#39;s Brewery, on the National Brewing site.</p><br>
<p>In 1885, the Wunder Brewery was sold at foreclosure sale to members of the Straus family, who later incorporated the business as the National Brewing Company. In 1885, National Brewing Company began brewing their flagship National Bohemian beer by the barrel. Nevertheless, they were still considered one of the city&#39;s smaller breweries. In 1899 National was one of sixteen breweries that joined to form the Maryland Brewing Company, with the then massive combined annual production capacity of 1,500,000 barrels. In 1901 eight of the sixteen plants were closed and the surviving breweries, including National, reorganized to form the Gottlieb-Bauernschmidt-Straus Brewing Co. The G-B-S Brewing Company operated the National plant until 1919, but after the start of Prohibition it was foreclosed on and sold in 1920 to Abraham Krieger, who would later be the president of the Gunther Brewing Company.</p><br>
<h3>Post-Prohibition</h3><br>
<p>In the early 1930s Samuel H. Hoffberger, in anticipation that Prohibition would be repealed, began the process of acquiring the National Brewery. Hoffberger, a lawyer with numerous business and civic interests, revived the National Brewing Company and modernized its brewery. The company hired brewmaster Carl Kreitler and president Arthur Deute in the 1930s. While Kreiter was credited with perfecting the recipes for National Bohemian and National Premium beers, Deute was a marketing genius who, with the help of a Gay Street printer named Webb, created the Mr. Boh mascot around 1936. The one-eyed Mr. Boh, with his handlebar mustache, would be featured prominently in National Bohemian advertising for many years.</p><br>
<h3>Market expansion</h3><br>
<p>When Samuel Hoffbergers son, Jerold Hoffberger, returned from World War II in 1945, he was made treasurer of the company at age 26. In 1947, after the death of Arthur Deute, Jerold was named President of the National Brewing Company, a position he would hold for 28 years. Under Jerold Hoffbergers leadership, National undertook an aggressive expansion program.</p><br>
<p>National Bohemian gained increased prominence in 1954 after Jerold Hoffberger played a key role in the successful effort to move the St. Louis Browns to Baltimore where they became the Baltimore Orioles. “Natty Boh” was sold at Memorial Stadium and would ultimately become the official sponsor of the Baltimore Orioles.</p><br>
<p>In 1954 the company expanded outside Maryland by buying a controlling interest in the Altes Brewing Co. of Detroit. By that time, National was brewing 1,000,000 barrels annually at its Baltimore plant - an increase from 300,000 barrels just seven years earlier - while the Altes acquisition added another 800,000 barrels of capacity.</p><br>
<p>Two years later, in 1956, National Brewing purchased the Marlin Brewing Co. of Orlando Florida, which added another 120,000 barrels in annual production capacity.</p><br>
<p>In October 1958 the company launched a new advertising campaign praising the Chesapeake Bay region and describing National Bohemian beer as being “From the Land of Pleasant Living.” The slogan became part of the folk culture of Maryland and the unofficial motto of the state. In 1959 Marylands House of Delegates and Senate adopted resolutions commending the National Brewing Company "for their outstanding work in publicizing and extolling the virtues of Maryland and the Chesapeake Bay". The theme was later incorporated into the companys jingle, which boasted that National beer was proudly “brewed on the shores of the Chesapeake Bay.” Land of Pleasant Living themed advertising was used by the company until 1970, when it was retired because it was thought to be wearing thin.</p><br>
<p>In 1960, National produced 1,354,000 barrels.</p><br>
<p>The company acquired the Miami, Florida Regal brewery plant and its brands in June 1961. The Miami brewery had a capacity of between 400,000 and 500,000 barrels annually. National continued to brew Regal beer in Miami. The smaller Orlando plant was closed later that year.</p><br>
<p>Nationals last brewery acquisition occurred in 1966 when it purchased the Phoenix, Arizona plant of Carling Brewing Co. Until 1964 the Phoenix brewery had been owned by the Arizona Brewing Co., and Nationals acquisition included the A-1 beer label, which had been an Arizona Brewing brand. The Phoenix plant had a capacity of 350,000 barrels a year and brought National&#39;s total capacity to 2,600,000 barrels.</p><br>
<h3>Contraction, Merger and Sale</h3><br>
<p>By the early 1970s, the National Brewing Company, facing intense competition and high prices, struggled to continue operating as an independent entity.</p><br>
<p>National&#39;s Detroit brewery closed in early 1974, and its Miami plant was shut down in early 1975, leaving only the Baltimore and Phoenix plants in operation.</p><br>
<p>In 1974 the company produced 2.2 million barrels.</p><br>
<p>In 1975, National Brewing was acquired by Carling Brewing Company in what was described at the time as a merger. Although the Hoffbergers managed to sell their beer holdings for more than $16 million, Jerold Hoffberger stayed on as head of Carling-National Breweries. At the time, National had two breweries and Carling had seven, including a large plant in Halethorpe, Baltimore County that was built in 1961; together they had the capacity to brew 7 million barrels a year, making it the 9th largest brewery in the country. Nevertheless, as Carling-National experienced a sharp decline in sales their first year, a merger with Pabst Brewing Company was subsequently proposed. The court, however, arguing that the fusion of the two companies would result in a monopoly, denied the merger. Merely three years later, Carling-National was sold to G. Heileman Brewing Company of La Crosse, Wisconsin and the former brewing facility of Brewer&#39;s Hill was closed.</p><br>
<p>Stroh Brewery Company of Detroit, Michigan later bought over the rights from Heileman in 1996. National Bohemian beer has not been brewed in Baltimore since.</p><br>
<h3>21st century</h3><br>
<p>In the early 2000s the old Baltimore National Brewing plant was converted to business and office spaces as a part of the Brewers Hill redevelopment project by Obrecht Commercial Real Estate.</p><br>
<p>The National Brewing Company complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. It is located in the Brewers Hill Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>National Brewing Company Brands</h2><br>
<p>Pre-Prohibition beers produced by the National Brewing Company included Bohemian.</p><br>
<p>Within several years of the repeal of Prohibition in 1933, the company produced a lager, ale and seasonal bock. By the end of the 1930s, however, the company&#39;s flagship brand was National Bohemian while National Premium was also widely distributed. Post-Prohibition brands produced by National included:</p><br>
<h3>National Bohemian</h3><br>
<p>After Pabst&#39;s acquisition of National Bohemian, the beer was brewed in North Carolina by Miller Brewing, under a contract agreement.</p><br>
<h3>National Premium</h3><br>
<p>In late 2011, it was announced that the National Premium label would be revived under the ownership of an Easton, Maryland, based entrepreneur. Using the same recipe as the original, is now brewed under contract for The National Brewing Company by Heavy Seas Brewery in Halethorpe. The National Premium brand is independent and has no relationship with the present-day National Bohemian, which is owned by Pabst.</p><br>
<h3>Colt 45 Malt Liquor</h3><br>
<p>In 1963, National Brewing Company started brewing Colt 45 (which was rumored to be named after 1963 Colts running back #45 Jerry Hill although Hill had no personal knowledge that it was). Prior to its advent, the only major national brand of malt liquor was Country Club. To emblemize its "extra kick" compared with competing brands, Colt 45 was accordingly labeled with a kicking horse and horse shoe.</p><br>
<h3>Malt Duck</h3><br>
<p>A new product, Malt Duck was added around 1976. It came in 2 flavors, grape and apple, and utilized the Colt 45 malt liquor base with added flavors and sugar.</p><br>
<h3>Van Lauter</h3><br>
<h3>Altes</h3><br>
<p>Altes Brewing Company was a local Detroit, Michigan brewery which National acquired in 1954. Altes Beer was a popular lower priced beer in Michigan but National decided to discontinue Altes and replace it by brewing and selling National Bohemian Beer in Detroit. The move did not work and Altes Beer was brought back. A new company called Altes Detroit Brewing Company now has rights to the brand and recipe and is attempting a comeback in Southeastern Michigan.</p><br>
<h3>A-1</h3><br>
<p>Located in the village of Schoharie, Schoharie County New York, the Old Stone Fort was originally built as a Reformed Dutch Church in 1772. With the coming of the American Revolutionary War, the church was enclosed by a log stockade in 1777.</p><br>
<p>On October 17, 1780, a force of approximately 800 loyalists and Native Americans under Sir John Johnson and Mohawk Capt. Joseph Brant raided the valley and briefly attacked the fort before proceeding north toward the Mohawk Valley. A cannonball hole can still be seen in a cornice at the rear of the building.</p><br>
<p>The stockade was removed in 1785 and the building continued service as a church until 1844 when it was replaced by the present Reformed Church in the village. In 1857, the former fort was sold to the State of New York for $800. Through the American Civil War and until 1873, it was used as an armory. Then, it was given to the county for historical use.</p><br>
<p>In 1888, the Schoharie County Historical Society was formed to operate a museum at the old fort and by 1899, a catalog of 2,500 items was published. The fort is part of the Old Stone Fort Museum complex, which also comprises: the William Badgely Museum and carriage house, built in 1972; the Warner house, a Greek Revival home housing the Scribner Exhibit of 20th Century Communications; the 1830 Jackson law office; the Oliver one-room school house furnished circa 1900; and the Schaeffer-Ingold Dutch barn. Experts on the Dutch Barn have included Harold Zoch (1927–2018), who was Schoharie County Historian.</p><br>
<p>The research library is available to historians and genealogists. The facility is open to the public from May through October. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>The Pearl S. Buck House, formerly known as Green Hills Farm, is the 67-acre homestead in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, where Nobel-prize-winning American author Pearl Buck lived for 40 years, raising her family, writing, pursuing humanitarian interests, and gardening. She purchased the house in 1933 and lived there until the late 1960s, when she moved to Danby, Vermont. She completed many works while on the farm, including This Proud Heart , The Patriot , Today and Forever , and The Child Who Never Grew . The farm, a National Historic Landmark, is located on Dublin Road southwest of Dublin, Pennsylvania. It is now a museum open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>The Pearl S. Buck House at Green Hills Farm, an example of 19th century (built 1825) Pennsylvanian architecture, is constructed of coursed fieldstone. It is four bays wide and two deep with the main entrance located in the second bay. Two gable dormers are located on the front and rear slope of the roof. Chimneys are located on each gable end. When Buck purchased the farmstead, she made extensive alterations and additions to the 19th century farmhouse, including a two-story fieldstone wing added to the east gable and two libraries. Today, visitors can tour twelve rooms of the home and visit the pre-Revolutionary War cottage on the property and the barn built in 1827.</p><br>
<p>In the large library, two Pennsylvania jugs serve as lamp bases upon a hand carved Chinese hardwood desk, at which Buck wrote her breakthrough novel The Good Earth. Buck filled her home with works of original art by Chen Chi and Freeman Elliot, iron works of art produced by exiled artisans in China, Peking Fetti carpets that survived revolutions in China, and some of her own sculptures.</p><br>
<p>Green Hills longwise BucksCo PA.jpgHouse</p><br>
<p>Green Hills barn BucksCo PA.jpgBarn</p><br>
<h2>Museum and tours</h2><br>
<p>The Pearl Buck house is open to the public for daily tours seven days a week. Pearl S. Buck International currently offers two house tours to visitors: Pearl S. Buck: Taking Action, which focuses on Ms. Bucks activism and human rights advocacy, and the more traditional biographical and historic Pearl S. Buck: Life and Legacy Tour. In May 2020, Pearl S. Buck Internationals project of developing and implementing the Taking Action tour was named a 2020 recipient of the by the</p><br>
<h3>Accreditation</h3><br>
<p>In October 2021, the Accreditation Commission of the American Alliance of Museums (AAM), the only organization representing the entire scope of the museum community, awarded the Pearl S. Buck House accreditation. Of the nation&#39;s estimated 33,000 museums, 1,095 are currently accredited.</p><br>
<h2>National Historic Landmark designation</h2><br>
<p>The Pearl S. Buck House was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1980 and opened as a museum the same year. Of 90,000 places listed on the country&#39;s National Register of Historic Places, approximately 2,500 are recognized as National Historic Landmarks. As of 2018, there were only 300 National Historic Landmarks dedicated to upholding the legacy of a woman. Of that number, the Pearl S. Buck House is one of only 10 with an intact collection.</p><br>
<p>Approximately 17,000 people visit each year. It sits on over 67 acres of lawns, gardens and ponds.</p><br>
<h2>Pearl S. Buck International</h2><br>
<p>Pearl S. Buck International is the organization that owns and operates the Pearl S. Buck House National Historic Landmark. Pearl S. Buck International is a 501(c)(3) charitable nonprofit organization founded by writer, activist and humanitarian Pearl S. Buck. Pearl S. Buck International carries on Ms. Buck&#39;s legacy through intercultural education, the Pearl Buck House museum and tours, and humanitarian aid.</p><br>
<p>Bailey Island Library Hall  is a historic community building at 2167 Harpswell Island Road, on Bailey Island in Harpswell, Maine. Built in 1911–12, it has been a center of community life on the island since its construction, and is a notable architectural work of the New York City architectural firm Mann & MacNeille. Originally built to house a lending library and social hall, it now only serves the latter function. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 31, 2008.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Library Hall is located roughly in the center of Bailey Island, on the east side of Harpswell Island Road (Maine State Route 24). It is a -story wood-frame structure, with a side-gable roof, clapboard siding, and a fieldstone foundation. A shed-roofed porch extends across the west side, supported by square posts with small capitals. The main facade has three pairs of French doors, evenly spaced, providing access to the hall, and there are three round-topped dormers in the main roof, which is capped by a small cupola with belfry. The east side of the building has a shed-roof ell extending across much of its width. Palladian windows are set on the building&#39;s north and south sides. The interior of the main block is a large hall, with the kitchen located in the rear ell. One end of the hall has a stage set under a proscenium arch.</p><br>
<p>The hall was designed by the New York City firm of Mann & MacNeille, whose principals, Horace Mann and Perry MacNeille, were both summer residents of Bailey Island. The design was made in 1909 and the hall was built in 1911–12. It was made as a conscious imitation of the main house at Mount Vernon in Virginia, reflecting the then-popular Georgian Revival in architecture. The building served as a model for later community hall buildings the architects designed for several industrial working-class communities.</p><br>
<p>The hall was built in part to provide a library to the local islanders, who were separated from the nearest library on Orrs Island by a ferry crossing that was not bridged until the construction in 1928 of the Bailey Island Bridge. The Mingo Club, a local social and literary society established in 1906 to manage a local lending library, was responsible for raising funds and maintaining the property. The hall was used for a wide variety of social functions, including lectures, dances, and concerts. Psychoanalyst Carl Jung gave his first seminar in America, on dreams, at Library Hall. By 1961 the Mingo Clubs lending library had been discontinued; the hall continues to serve as a local event venue under the auspices of the Bailey Island Library Hall Association.</p><br>
<p>The Koster Site is a prehistoric archaeological site located south of Eldred, Illinois. The site covers more than 3 acres and extends 30 feet down into the alluvial deposits of the Illinois River valley. Over the course of its excavation between 1969 and 1978, Koster produced deeply buried evidence of ancient human occupation from the early Archaic period  to the Mississippian period . The soil strata contains a total of 25 distinct occupations each separated by additional layers of soil, making the site exceptionally well-preserved.</p><br>
<p>The site includes one of the oldest known cemetery sites in eastern North America. The cemetery site has provided researchers with evidence that Early Archaic civilizations had specific burial practices and buried their dead in mounds, often with numerous individuals buried together. Other significant discoveries made at the site include early evidence of North Americans using stones to grind food and keeping domesticated dogs. Three dog burials, and one burial 35 km away at the Stilwell II site in Pike County, date to 9,900 years ago and are the oldest dog remains discovered in the Americas.</p><br>
<p>The discovery of permanent residences and items which could not be easily transported at the site suggests that it was a large permanent village. Excavations at the site have also yielded a variety of stone tools, which were used for various purposes and also indicate long-term habitation of the site. Artifacts and evidence from the excavation helped archeologists revise their thinking about early inhabitants from nomads to a sedentary people living in year round structures.</p><br>
<p>The site was discovered in 1967 on the farm fields of Theodore and Mary Koster and subsequently named after them. The discovery was made by Northwestern University anthropologist Stuart Struever who stumbled on the farm and the rich trove of historically significant artifacts that lay beneath the cornfields after a tip from a local farmer. Struever had recently founded the Center for American Archeology located in Kampsville, Illinois. Under his leadership, the site became one of the largest excavations of its era, drawing over 10,000 yearly visitors; it is considered to be the Center for American Archeology&#39;s most important discovery. The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 19, 1972.</p><br>
<p>The Kamp Mound Site is a prehistoric mound and village site located along the Illinois River and Illinois Route 100 north of Kampsville, Illinois. The Hopewellian site includes seven mounds dating from 100 B.C. - 450 A.D. and a village site dating from 450 to 700 A.D. The Havana Hopewell culture used the complex as a ceremonial and burial site. Archaeologists have also proposed that the site served as a regional trade center for the Hopewellian exchange system. The seven mounds at the site, which were originally part of a group of ten, include some of Illinois&#39; largest mounds. In addition, large amounts of shell and animal bone fragments have been recovered from the site.</p><br>
<p>The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 24, 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Kamp Store is a historic general store building located at the northeast corner of Oak and Broadway in Kampsville, Illinois, United States. Joseph Kamp, the son of the founder of Kampsville, opened the store in 1902. The two-story wood-frame building features a false front with decorative metalwork. The store provided Kampsville residents with a wide variety of goods, ranging from small household items to automobiles and heavy farming equipment. St. Louis-based suppliers shipped the store its goods via Mississippi River barges. Kamp operated the store until his death in 1952; the store served as a grocery store until the 1970s and later became a carpet store. The Center for American Archeology purchased the building in 1991 and now uses it as its Visitor Center and Museum.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 4, 1994.</p><br>
<p>The Pelletier House is a historic home and national historic district located at Jacksonville, Onslow County, North Carolina. Built in the 1850s by Rufus Ferrand Pelletier in the Greek Revival style, it sits atop Wantland Spring on the banks of the New River. Initially constructed as a one-room dwelling to serve as home and office, additional rooms were built onto the structure during later years. The house itself was originally part of a turpentine lot owned by Rufus Pelletier and his brother William Pelletier. These rooms were damaged during a fire in the early 1950s. The house was occupied by Pelletier&#39;s daughter Eliza until her death in 1954. Subsequently, the Onslow Historical Society acquired and maintained the structure until January 25, 2013, when Onslow County took over ownership. The house is opened for public viewings on special occasions. It is the oldest standing structure in Jacksonville.</p><br>
<p>Pelletier House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 13, 1989.</p><br>
<p>Saint John&#39;s Cathedral in Denver, Colorado, United States is the seat of the bishop and the cathedral of the Episcopal Diocese of Colorado and part of the Episcopal Church in the United States. Construction began in 1909, the first service held in the cathedral in 1911, and it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. In 2020, it reported 1,949 members, 474 average attendance, and $1,498,586 in plate and pledge financial assistance.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Father John H. Kehler traveled from Virginia to the group of mining camps known as Denver City in January 1860 and delivered the first public services of the Episcopal Church in what would become Colorado Territory. He eventually established the parish of St. John&#39;s in the Wilderness, so named because the nearest Episcopal parish was seven hundred miles away in Kansas.</p><br>
<p>The first cathedral was at 20th and Welton and held its first services in 1881. Dean H. Martyn Hart was the first dean of the cathedral and he worked with other Denver clergy in 1887 to create the Denver Charity Organization, the first community charity solicitation fund in the United States - later renamed the United Way.</p><br>
<p>A fire at the church in 1903 led to the construction of the current cathedral block at 14th and Washington. In 1908 a blind contest was held and the design of New York architectural firm of Tracy and Swartwout was selected. Work began on Saint Johns Cathedral in 1908. The original design made use of flying buttresses to support the weight of the roof. This design allows for thinner walls and more glass area. The buttressed design was considered too expensive to build, so a redesign was requested which limited the cathedral to the nave and provided a temporary brick chancel. The foundation was then completed from this design. Bids for this revised design were still too high, so another redesign was requested, this third design excluded the buttresses and consequently had thicker heavier walls. The result of the installed foundation being too small to support the increased weight of the newest designs thicker and heavier walls resulted in the cathedral sinking during construction. Some walls and the center arch between the towers had to be disassembled and foundation corrected before building could resume. A lawsuit brought against Tracy and Swartwout was dismissed, as the building committee was found to be at fault. The two transepts, choir and great tower were never built. Only the nave was completed of limestone with a "temporary" brick chancel. The height of the ceiling in the Nave is 65 feet. It is 185 feet long and 52 feet wide. Dean Hart led the construction committee and hosted its first services in 1911.</p><br>
<p>The stained glass was created by Charles Connick&#39;s studio.</p><br>
<p>United States Supreme Court Associate Justice Byron White was buried at St. John&#39;s Cathedral in 2002.</p><br>
<p>Victory Grill is a historic music venue located at 1104 E. 11th St, Austin, Texas. The nightclub was on the Chitlin&#39; Circuit and hosted famous African American acts such as Bobby Bland, Clarence "Gatemouth" Brown, W. C. Clark and B. B. King when Austin was legally segregated. Victory Grill was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 16, 1998.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Johnny Holmes, a booking agent and band manager, opened the Victory Grill on Victory over Japan Day, 1945 as a restaurant and bar for black soldiers returning from the war. In the segregated south of the 1940s, these servicemen could not walk into just any place to have a beer. The first incarnation of the Victory was a small "lean-to" building, but Holmes soon moved to a larger building next door.</p><br>
<p>Holmes was also familiar with both the burgeoning Texas blues and jazz scenes, and soon, the club became known for its music as well as its food and drink. The club began attracting music lovers, no matter what their race. During its heyday in the 1950s, most of the popular national blues, rhythm and blues, and jazz acts that played Austin performed at the Victory Grill. Ike & Tina Turner, James Brown, Etta James, Billie Holiday, Chuck Berry and Janis Joplin were some of the artists who graced the stage. A resident of the area later quoted, "The street was so crowded you could barely walk. It was like New Orleans."</p><br>
<p>Holmes leased the Victory Grill out in 1952, while he traveled to West Texas and then Alaska. When he returned in 1965, he was shocked at how much the area had declined. Integration had allowed affluent blacks to move to the suburbs. Also with desegregation, the Chitlin Circuit ceased to exist, as acts that were once confined to the Victory could now play many other venues. These two factors led to declining attendance and forced Holmes to close the nightclub portion of the Victory in the mid-1970s. Holmes kept the restaurant portion open, as the Victorys food was still special enough to be a big draw.</p><br>
<p>On Juneteenth weekend of 1987, East 11th came alive with music again at a large reunion bash which brought many of the Victory&#39;s former musicians and fans together again. The Victory Grill closed for a period of time after October 10, 1988, when it suffered major damage from a fire that spread from an adjoining vacant building.</p><br>
<p>Many movements and fundraisers were held in the following years to get the Victory Grill back open, but most met with tepid response at best. Finally, in 1995, R.V. Adams, a friend of Holmes began restoration efforts and the club re-opened in 1996. This initiated a cultural rebirth of the area, which had become a casualty of urban blight.</p><br>
<p>The Victory Grill is one of the last remaining original Chitlin Circuit juke joints. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, archived by the Texas Historical Commission, and dubbed a "Texas Treasure" by the statewide organization Preservation Texas. It stands as an artifact to the development of a distinct American music tradition. The restoration of the Victory Grill bridged the era of the Chitlin Circuit to today&#39;s urban contemporary sounds. The café serves southern cuisine, provides blues, jazz and urban contemporary entertainment, and provides educational opportunities that link past African-American musical forms and culture with the present. The venue is open for private events, educational opportunities and cultural tourism.</p><br>
<p>Holyhood Cemetery is a cemetery located in Brookline, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Laid out in 1857, the cemetery was designed to reflect the rural cemetery movement begun at Cambridge&#39;s Mount Auburn Cemetery. It was the first such cemetery in Brookline. The cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<h3>Kennedy family</h3><br>
<p>Holyhood Cemetery is best known for being the final resting place of Joseph and Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy (parents of USA President John, USA Attorney General Robert, and USA Senator Edward). Their daughter, Rosemary Kennedy, is also buried here, along with several other family members.</p><br>
<p>The last child born to President Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy, Patrick Bouvier Kennedy, was also buried at Holyhood Cemetery, until being removed to Arlington National Cemetery, along with a stillborn daughter originally buried in Newport, Rhode Island, following their father&#39;s assassination and burial there in 1963.</p><br>
<h3>Others</h3><br>
<p>Holyhood is also the final resting place of former Boston Mayor and USA Representative Patrick Collins (mayor) with a memorial sculpted by Cyrus Edwin Dallin, Cardinal John Wright, golfer Francis Ouimet; baseball player George Wright; Irish poet and journalist John Boyle O&#39;Reilly; author, poet, journalist and diplomat James Jeffrey Roche, and lightbulb pioneer and engineer Martha J. B. Thomas. John Geoghan, an American Roman Catholic priest and serial child rapist is also interred there.</p><br>
<h2>Commonwealth War Grave</h2><br>
<p>The cemetery contains one Commonwealth war burial, of an American-born Royal Air Force Cadet of World War I William Becker Hagan.</p><br>
<p>Blackacre State Nature Preserve is a 271 acre nature preserve and historic homestead in Louisville, Kentucky. The preserve features rolling fields, streams, forests, and a homestead dating back to the 18th century. For visitors, the preserve features several farm animals including horses, goats, and cows, hiking trails, and a visitor center in the 1844-built Presley Tyler home. Since 1981, it has been used by the Jefferson County Public Schools as the site of a continuing environmental education program. About 10,000 students visit the outdoor classroom each year.</p><br>
<p>The preserve was created in 1979 when the land was given to the Office of Kentucky Nature Preserves by Judge Macauley and Mrs. Emilie Smith creating the first nature preserve in the Commonwealth&#39;s system. The Blackacre Conservancy, founded in 1983, operates the historic homestead and conducts cultural and historical programs while the Office retains ownership of the preserve and manages its natural resources.</p><br>
<p>Blackacre is part of the old Moses Tyler farm, several original farm buildings remain, including the 1844 Presley Tyler home, an Appalachian-style barn and a reconstructed stone spring house. The entire 600 acre settlement has been named a national historic rural settlement. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Tyler Settlement Rural Historic District in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The name Blackacre is used as a generic name in legal contexts, particularly in law school and on bar exams, to refer to a parcel of land. The Smith family gave the land the name Blackacre; previously it was known as Land O&#39;Skye.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Blackacre was first settled by the Tyler Family, who arrived in Louisville in 1780. Edward Tyler II purchased a Treasury Warrant allowing him to lay claim to a parcel of land. Moses Tyler was transferred, a portion of that, the 220 acre that now compromise the majority of Blackacre. Later the land was given to Moses&#39;s son, Presley. Moses Tyler had already built a barn, a stone cottage and springhouse, but Presley decided to add an impressive two-story farmhouse. In 1884 Presley sold the property to the Kroeger family, who owned it until 1902. After a series of other owners, the property was bought by the Smith family in 1950. In 1979 Emilie and Macauley Smith, seeing the immense beauty and value of the land, donated it to the Commonwealth of Kentucky, allowing Blackacre to become the first State Nature Preserve of Kentucky.</p><br>
<h3>Slavery</h3><br>
<p>Born into a fourth-generation tobacco planting family, evidence shows that Edward Tyler II sold human chattel in both Maryland and Kentucky.Prince Georges County. Folio TT. Prince George’s County, MD: 288.</p><br>
<p>Prince Georges County. Folio Y. Prince George’s County, MD: 472, 479.</p><br>
<p>Prince Georges County. Folio I. Prince George’s County, MD: 18-20</p><br>
<h4>Known Individuals enslaved at Blackacre</h4><br>
<p>Numerous individuals enslaved by members of the Tyler family have been identified.</p><br>
<p>Judah, Harry, and unnamed infant daughter. On October 31, 1785, records state that Edward Tyler sold to Jacob Yoder "a family of negroes, Judah and her son Harry and an infant daughter, unnamed... This family was brought to Kentucky from North Carolina by Squire Boone."</p><br>
<p>Elliott. Moses Tyler&#39;s (son of Edward Tyler II) estate inventory identifies a "negro man named Elliott", valued at $500.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>The barn is one of the three original Blackacre buildings. Built in 1790, the double-crib Appalachian barn was made out of large poplar boards harvested from the Blackacre property. Today the barn displays the pre-industrial farm tools that would have been used at Blackacre.</p><br>
<p>The stone cottage is the second original 1790 building.</p><br>
<p>The springhouse is the last of the original buildings. Springhouses acted as a refrigeration unit. Perishable food that could not be salted or smoked would be stored. A second floor of the spring was built to allow residents to cool off on hot days. The spring that lies next to the springhouse is man-made.</p><br>
<p>The farmhouse was built in 1844. Architecturally, it displays the influence of Greek-revival design. The farmhouse now holds the Blackacres Visitors Center.</p><br>
<p>Springhouse_winter.jpg18th Century Spring house show during the wintertime</p><br>
<p>Mainhouse3blackacre.jpg19th Century Presley Tyler Farmhouse and Historic Homestead</p><br>
<p>BlackAcre Tyler House Rear View.jpgBlackAcre Tyler House Rear View</p><br>
<p>Blackacre Dragonfly pond.jpgBlackacre Dragonfly pond</p><br>
<p>Blackacre Jackson pond.jpgBlackacre Jackson pond</p><br>
<p>Blackacre Waterfall.jpgWaterfall at Blackacre Nature Preserve</p><br>
<p>redbuds at blackacre.jpgRedbuds</p><br>
<p>Holland Theatre opened as a vaudeville and movie palace on February 12, 1931 in Bellefontaine, Ohio, United States. Like many historic theaters, the Holland ultimately went out of business after a newer, more technologically advanced, multi-screen cinema was introduced to the town. However, after several renovations to the Holland Theater, it is now fully operational as a performing arts venue for stage performances, and feature films as of 2019.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1931, the Holland Theatre was built, owned and operated by Schine Curcuit Theatres. This chain owned 185 theaters in six states (Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania). It was designed by actitect Peter Hulsken, a Dutch immigrant to Lima, Ohio. Construction was completed by the Hossler Brothers of Tiffin, Ohio for the cost of $150,000.</p><br>
<p>The exterior has a Flemish-style stepped-gable facade and uses Dutch cross bond brick. In the interior, the lobby has a beamed ceiling, slate floors, and rough walls. It is the only atmospheric theater in the United States built in a primarily Dutch style of architecture.</p><br>
<p>The Holland originally had the capability for both cinema and stage plays but was eventually converted to a 5 screen multiplex, with the "main" screen remaining in the auditorium in front of the stage after it was sold in 1977. The theater&#39;s balcony was split in half and converted into two screens, and two additional screens were constructed in the rear of the cinema where the stage previously existed.</p><br>
<p>In 1998, the multiplex closed and a 6th grade class made the theatre its class project to raise awareness. Richard Knowlton, a Bellefontaine businessman bought it, later donating the theatre to the Logan County Landmark Preservation. More grant money was acquired in 2015 and 2019. The renovations were completed in October 2019 with singer Judy Collins opening.</p><br>
<p>Sanborn Seminary is a historic educational facility in Kingston, New Hampshire. Its main building was built in 1883 by Major Edward S. Sanborn  to serve as a secular secondary boarding school. The school ran continuously until 1966 when it was sold to the Town of Kingston. The campus became known as Sanborn Regional High School and served students from the towns of Kingston, Newton, and Fremont. The last class at this campus graduated in June 2006.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Sanborn Seminary is located north of the village center of Kingston, on the east side of Church Street north of Depot Road. It is a large -story masonry structure, built out of brick with limestone trim. It is covered by an elaborate multicolored slate mansard roof. The main facade is five bays wide, with the center bay projecting and rising to a three-story mansard roofed tower with iron cresting. The facade bays are otherwise articulated by brick pilasters, and have pairs of narrow windows, each with stone keystones, shoulders, and sills.</p><br>
<p>The Seminary building was designed in the Victorian Gothic style popular at the time of its construction, and was completed in 1883. The architect is unknown. In preparation for the buildings 100th anniversary in 1983, an exterior restoration project was completed, and the building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Seminary is the centerpiece of a campus complex that originally included five additional wood-frame structures and a beach recreation area on nearby Greenwood Pond. The bell tower was removed from the buildings roof and located on the East Lawn until 2006, when it was relocated to the new Sanborn Regional High School atrium.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>A new building for Sanborn Regional High School opened on August 28, 2006. The Seminary building is currently empty. Various proposals have been made for its use, with town residents expressing a strong emotional tie to the facility. The other school facilities on the property are used for storage (the Science Building, to house the district&#39;s technology and business department (the old garage building), and the Swasey Gym, which is still used as the football locker room and for town and school basketball games.</p><br>
<p>Woodlawn Cemetery is a historic cemetery located at Canandaigua, Ontario County, New York, United States.</p><br>
<p>In June 1884, officers and trustees were elected and the original 28 acre of land were purchased from Lucius Wilcox. Over the years, people left adjacent land to the cemetery which now totals 64.4 acre in the city and 7 acre in the town of Canandaigua and serves as a burial site for more than 13,000 people.</p><br>
<p>The Woodlawn Cemetery chapel was dedicated in 1910. In 2014 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>Myron Holley Clark (1806–1892) – Governor of New York</p><br>
<p>Crystal Eastman (1881–1928) – feminist, socialist, antimilitarist, lawyer, journalist, and worker safety pioneer. Co-founder of the American Civil Liberties Union</p><br>
<p>Francis Granger (1792–1868) – Member of the USA House of Representatives and USA Postmaster General; candidate for USA Vice President (1836)</p><br>
<p>Gideon Granger (1767–1822) – New York State Senator and USA Postmaster General</p><br>
<p>Barney Kessel (1923–2004) – legendary Jazz Guitarist</p><br>
<p>Stanton Davis Kirkham (1868–1944) – author</p><br>
<p>Elbridge Gerry Lapham (1814–1890) – Member of the USA House of Representatives and United States Senate</p><br>
<p>John Raines (1840–1909) – New York State Senator and member of the USA House of Representatives</p><br>
<p>Frederick Ferris Thompson (1836–1899) – notable banker, co-founder of predecessor banks to Citibank and JP Morgan Chase</p><br>
<p>Mary Clark Thompson (1835–1923) – philanthropist</p><br>
<p>Edward Francis Winslow (1837–1914) – a Civil War general, who died at Sonnenberg while visiting Mary Clark Thompson and her banker husband, Frederick Ferris Thompson</p><br>
<p>The Patee House, also known as Patee House Museum, was completed in 1858 as a 140-room luxury hotel at 12th Street and Penn in St. Joseph, Missouri. It was one of the best-known hotels west of the Mississippi River.</p><br>
<p>The Patee House was built by John Patée as part of his Patee Town development around the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad station. Office space included the headquarters and eastern terminus of the Pony Express, founded in 1860 to provide fast overland mail service to the West Coast. During the American Civil War, the Union Army Provost Marshal&#39;s office was located in Patee House. The Army conducted war trials in the second floor ballroom.</p><br>
<p>After the war, the Patee Female College operated in the building from 1865 to 1868. Its space was taken over 1875–1880 by the St. Joseph Female College, founded in affiliation with the Baptist Church. These private schools were part of the postwar expansion of educational facilities for young women across the country.</p><br>
<p>After outlaw Jesse James was killed in 1882 at his nearby home, his surviving family stayed at the hotel during the investigation of his death. It was then called Worlds Hotel. Also resident at the hotel within two weeks of Jamess death was Oscar Wilde who lectured in St. Joseph on April 18, 1882. Later the building was adapted to house the R.L. McDonald shirt factory and other light industrial uses for 80 years.</p><br>
<p>Since 1963, the building has been operated as a museum of United States history, with an emphasis on transportation. An 1892 Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad steam locomotive and 1877 railroad depot are displayed inside the building.</p><br>
<p>In 2008 the museum was selected as one of America&#39;s Top Ten Western Museums by True West Magazine. It was also listed in 1,000 Places to See in the USA and Canada Before You Die.</p><br>
<p>The building was designated a National Historic Landmark for its role as the Pony Express headquarters. It marks the eastern terminus of the Pony Express National Historic Trail. The Jesse James Home Museum is located on Patee House grounds. Both are owned and operated by the Pony Express Historical Association, a not-for-profit organization. Both are contributing resources to the Patee Town Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Patee Town Historic District is a national historic district located at St. Joseph, Missouri. The district encompasses 71 contributing buildings and 1 contributing site in the Patee Town section of St. Joseph. It developed between about 1858 and 1939, and includes representative examples of Greek Revival and Italianate style architecture. Located in the district are the separately listed Patee House, a hotel that is a USA National Historic Landmark, and Jesse James House. Other notable buildings include the Morey Piro House , Charles E. Herycele House , R. L. McDonald Manufacturing Co. Warehouse , Mrs. Pemetia Cornish Duplex , Fred Wenz Store Building , Fire Station #5 , German Salems Church , and Matthew Ziebold House .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>Robidoux Row is a historic apartment building located at 219-225 East Poulin Street in St. Joseph, Missouri. It was built by St. Joseph founder Joseph Robidoux in north St. Joseph in the late 1840s/early 1850s. It is a -story brick structure with an attached single story brick building. Robidoux lived there at one point. The Saint Joseph Historical Society has renovated the building and operates it as a local history museum.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>The Medicine Wheel/Medicine Mountain National Historic Landmark  is a medicine wheel located in the Bighorn National Forest, in the USA state of Wyoming.</p><br>
<p>The Medicine Wheel at Medicine Mountain is a large stone structure made of local white limestone laid upon a bedrock of limestone. It is both a place of sacred ceremony and scientific inquiry. In Native Science these uses are not distinguished as separate as they are in Western science.</p><br>
<p>The cultural history of the Bighorn Mountains, home to the Big Horn Medicine Wheel, dates back over ten thousand years.</p><br>
<h2>Cultural Purposes</h2><br>
<p>No indigenous people have publicly claimed to have built the Big Horn Medicine Wheel. During negotiations to include the Big Horn Medicine Wheel to the registry for National Historic Landmark and Sacred Site status, the Crow stated that the Wheel was already present when they came into the area. However, the Wheel rests within the Crow homeland, an area that the Crow say was given to them by the Creator when No Vitals, the visionary Crow Leader (circa 1400–1600), had his vision of stars descending into tobacco blossoms while he fasted and prayed on the highest mountain in the Bighorns (Cloud Peak). Oral history from several indigenous nations sets the Big Horn Medicine Wheel as already existing, having been built by "ancient ancestors" or "people without iron."</p><br>
<p>The Big Horn Medicine Wheel is a sacred site to many people of many nations. Although the Wheel was built high above the Bighorn Basin, and the climb up from the basin takes effort, a wide and deep cut ancient trail takes the traveler directly to the Wheel. In winter, when the modern asphalt road is covered in snow and closed for the season, one can still make one&#39;s way by foot up the old trail from Five Springs Campground. Stephen C. Simms of the Chicago Field Museum, upon examining the Wheel in 1903, surmised that the travois trail (road) must have been well-traveled for long periods in the past to acquire its deeply cut edges. The Bighorn Mountains are high above the hot summers of the basin. In 1887, the Tukudeka Elder Aggretta said her people chose to live high in the Bighorns to escape the flies and human conflict.</p><br>
<h3>Little People and Vision Quests</h3><br>
<p>The Arapaho call the Big Horn Medicine Wheel "Hiieeinoonotii." A detailed account of ceremonial use of the Bighorn Medicine Wheel by the Arapaho was related in 1993 by Paul Moss in a landmark of Native American oral tradition.</p><br>
<p>Tom Yellowtail (Crow) told the story of Burnt Face building a medicine wheel in the Bighorn Mountains and receiving help from the Little People. After the Little People healed his face, Burnt Face came down from the Bighorns, rejoined his people, and built what is now called the Fort Smith Wheel. This Wheel has similar stellar and solar alignments to the Big Horn Medicine Wheel, adjusted for landscape changes and latitude.</p><br>
<h2>Measurements</h2><br>
<p>The structure is located at an altitude of 9642 ft (2939 meters), near the summit of Medicine Mountain. It is a precolumbian structure, built from roughly loaf-sized stones gathered from the surrounding area. The structure consists of a circular rim, 80 ft (24.3 meters) in diameter, 28 spokes extending from the rim to the center, and a series of seven stone circles (cairns). Cairn O is at the center of the structure and is about 10 ft (near 3 meters) in diameter. Cairns A – F are at or near the rim, and are considerably smaller.</p><br>
<h2>Astronomical Alignments</h2><br>
<p>The Big Horn Medicine Wheel is one of four or five astronomically complex wheels that are publicly known to exist in the Rocky Mountain region. It is of a type termed Subgroup 6, "A prominent central stone cairn surrounded by a stone ring. Two or more interior stone lines connect the stone ring to the cairn." by John Brumley. Another of this Subgroup type is the Majorville Wheel in Alberta, Canada. The Majorville Wheel with a similar complex design matching the Big Horn Medicine Wheel has been dated archaeologically to 3200 BC. Smaller, less complex wheels may have astronomical significance, such as solstice alignments and east-west orientations. The larger complex wheels are capable of tracking several different cosmic cycles, including the precession of the equinoxes, the Moons phases, lunar and solar eclipse cycles, and planets orbital cycles. These astronomical wheels mirror the north ecliptic polar region of the sky and are useful as celestial grids to track changes over millennial time periods.</p><br>
<p>Astronomer John Eddy investigated the Big Horn Medicine Wheel&#39;s structure in 1972 and made a number of important discoveries, publishing his findings in Astronomical Alignment of the Big Horn Medicine Wheel, Science 184 (1974): 1031–43. He found that cairns E and O were aligned in the direction of summer solstice sunrise, using cairn E for a backsight and cairn O as a foresight, and that cairns C and O were aligned in the direction of summer solstice sunset, using C as a backsight and O as a foresight.</p><br>
<p>Further, he found that cairn pairs FO, FA, and FB correspond to the rising points of the stars Sirius, Aldebaran, and Rigel, respectively. Observing the first yearly heliacal rising of these stars would have been an effective tool for determining the progress of the solar year, as the first heliacal rise of a star occurs on the same date (relative to the solstices) each year.</p><br>
<p>Rising positions of stars change very slowly over the centuries, due to the Earth&#39;s precession, so the directions of these cairn pairs can be used to project at what date they aligned best with the rising points of these stars. The FA Aldebaran alignment would have worked best between AD 1200 and AD 1700. Further, precession changes the date of first helical rise: Although today the first heliacal rise of Aldebaran is a few days after the summer solstice, between AD 1200 and 1700, the first heliacal rise of Aldebaran would have been just before the summer solstice, allowing an observer to predict the coming of this event.</p><br>
<p>Astronomer Jack Robinson from the University of South Florida has further proposed that cairn pair FD was used to observe the rising of the star Fomalhaut, which would have lined up with its rising point between AD 1050 and AD 1450, when Fomalhaut had its first heliacal rise roughly a month before the summer solstice. A carbon date for the Bighorn Medicine Wheel comes from a piece of wood found in cairn F, corresponding to an age of no more than 220 years, roughly in the middle of the 18th century. However, this date can only be considered as a minimum age, as the wood may have become lodged in the cairn after construction. Stated by Don Grey in his, "Summary Report," page 317 of the 1958 Wyoming Archaeology Society&#39;s excavation of the Wheel, "In the large cairn on the northwest side of the structure was found a piece of wood pinned down between the courses of stone in the wall. A sample was taken…for dating."</p><br>
<h2>Other Wheels</h2><br>
<p>In 1903, Stephen Simms of the Chicago Field Museum published a scientific paper on his visit to the Wheel. His diagram looks only slightly similar to the Big Horn Medicine Wheel that is now a Historic Landmark. More than one medicine wheel existed in the Bighorn Mountains previous to 1916. Cut Ear, a Crow guide, would accompany people to wheels in the Bighorn Mountains. One article in the Sheridan Post talks of finding another wheel about 60miles from the first wheel.</p><br>
<h2>Name Change</h2><br>
<p>The site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1970, and renamed from Medicine Wheel to Medicine Wheel/Medicine Mountain in 2011.</p><br>
<p>The Old Calhoun County Courthouse built in 1904 is an historic building located at 314 East Central Avenue in Blountstown, Florida. On October 16, 1980, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In 1989, the Old Calhoun County Courthouse was listed in A Guide to Florida&#39;s Historic Architecture, published by the University of Florida Press. The listing calls it: "one of two Romanesque Revival courthouses extant in Florida."</p><br>
<p>The Old Baker County Courthouse, now the Emily Taber Public Library, was built in 1908. It is at 14 McIver Avenue West in Macclenny, Florida. It was designed by Edward Columbus Hosford of Eastman, Georgia. In 1986 it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>It was deemed "significant for its architecture and its association with architect Edward C. Hosford, who was responsible for designing a number of county courthouses in both Florida and Georgia during the 1906-1910 period. Built in the up-to-date eclectic Colonial Revival style, the structure represented the pride of the county&#39;s citizens in the evolution of the local economy from subsistence farms to one based on commercial exploitation of agriculture."</p><br>
<p>It has also been known as the Baker County Free Public Library and the Peg McCollum Building.</p><br>
